Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller
Soybean expeller (SBE), a by-product of soybean oil extraction through the extruding-expelling process, is widely used as a protein source in animal feed and soy-based foods. This study evaluated fungal contamination and mycotoxin levels in SBE samples from 11 extruding-expelling facilities in Argen...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Artículo |
| Language: | Inglés |
| Published: |
MDPI
2025
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/21971 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/4/807 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040807 |
| _version_ | 1855486852861001728 |
|---|---|
| author | Maciel, Gisele Castellari, Claudia Cardoso, Marcelo Leandro Abadia, María Bernadette Busato, Patrizia Bartosik, Ricardo Enrique |
| author_browse | Abadia, María Bernadette Bartosik, Ricardo Enrique Busato, Patrizia Cardoso, Marcelo Leandro Castellari, Claudia Maciel, Gisele |
| author_facet | Maciel, Gisele Castellari, Claudia Cardoso, Marcelo Leandro Abadia, María Bernadette Busato, Patrizia Bartosik, Ricardo Enrique |
| author_sort | Maciel, Gisele |
| collection | INTA Digital |
| description | Soybean expeller (SBE), a by-product of soybean oil extraction through the extruding-expelling process, is widely used as a protein source in animal feed and soy-based foods. This study evaluated fungal contamination and mycotoxin levels in SBE samples from 11 extruding-expelling facilities in Argentina, assessing fungal load, moisture content (MC), and mycotoxin profiles. Fungal biota was quantified through colony forming unit (CFU) counts and identified via morphological analysis, while mycotoxins were quantified using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. CFU counts were low (0 to 4 CFU g−1 DM), with Penicillium spp. (28.0%) and Mucoraceae (family) (25.6%) being the most frequently isolated genera. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) were detected in 20% to 40% of the samples. The average concentration was 215.19 µg kg−1 for DON and 41.68, 0.39, and 0.34 µg kg−1 for AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, respectively. Although most mycotoxin concentrations were below regulatory limits, a few samples exceeded the threshold for DON (8.6%) and AFB1 (2.9%). Co-occurrence of two mycotoxins was observed in 60% of the samples. These results highlight the importance of monitoring fungal contamination and mycotoxin levels to ensure the safety and quality of SBE for feed and food applications. |
| format | Artículo |
| id | INTA21971 |
| institution | Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA -Argentina) |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| publisherStr | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | INTA219712025-04-09T10:05:20Z Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller Maciel, Gisele Castellari, Claudia Cardoso, Marcelo Leandro Abadia, María Bernadette Busato, Patrizia Bartosik, Ricardo Enrique Soja Subproductos Contaminación Extrusión Micotoxina Alimentación de los Animales Soybeans By-products Contamination Extrusion Mycotoxins Animal Feeding Expeller de Soja Soybean expeller (SBE), a by-product of soybean oil extraction through the extruding-expelling process, is widely used as a protein source in animal feed and soy-based foods. This study evaluated fungal contamination and mycotoxin levels in SBE samples from 11 extruding-expelling facilities in Argentina, assessing fungal load, moisture content (MC), and mycotoxin profiles. Fungal biota was quantified through colony forming unit (CFU) counts and identified via morphological analysis, while mycotoxins were quantified using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. CFU counts were low (0 to 4 CFU g−1 DM), with Penicillium spp. (28.0%) and Mucoraceae (family) (25.6%) being the most frequently isolated genera. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) were detected in 20% to 40% of the samples. The average concentration was 215.19 µg kg−1 for DON and 41.68, 0.39, and 0.34 µg kg−1 for AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2, respectively. Although most mycotoxin concentrations were below regulatory limits, a few samples exceeded the threshold for DON (8.6%) and AFB1 (2.9%). Co-occurrence of two mycotoxins was observed in 60% of the samples. These results highlight the importance of monitoring fungal contamination and mycotoxin levels to ensure the safety and quality of SBE for feed and food applications. EEA Balcarce Fil: Maciel, Gisele. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina Fil: Castellari, Claudia Carla. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Cardoso, Marcelo Leandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina Fil: Abadía, María Bernadette. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina Fil: Busato, Patrizia. Polytechnic of Turin. Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning; Italia Fil: Bartosik, Ricardo Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible; Argentina 2025-04-09T09:49:41Z 2025-04-09T09:49:41Z 2025-03-25 info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/21971 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/4/807 2073-4395 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040807 eng info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2023-PE-L04-I119, Abordaje de la calidad y procesos de agregado de valor de productos en sistemas agrobioindustriales sostenibles info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2023-PE-L04-I120, Inocuidad física, química y biológica de los alimentos. Metodologías analíticas, tecnologías, estrategias de intervención innovadoras y análisis de riesgo info:eu-repograntAgreement/INTA/2019-REC-E7-I165-001, Prevención de Pérdidas y desperdicios de Alimentos info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) application/pdf MDPI Agronomy 15 (4) : 807 (March 2025) |
| spellingShingle | Soja Subproductos Contaminación Extrusión Micotoxina Alimentación de los Animales Soybeans By-products Contamination Extrusion Mycotoxins Animal Feeding Expeller de Soja Maciel, Gisele Castellari, Claudia Cardoso, Marcelo Leandro Abadia, María Bernadette Busato, Patrizia Bartosik, Ricardo Enrique Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller |
| title | Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller |
| title_full | Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller |
| title_fullStr | Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller |
| title_short | Fungal Biota and Mycotoxins Contamination in Soybean Expeller |
| title_sort | fungal biota and mycotoxins contamination in soybean expeller |
| topic | Soja Subproductos Contaminación Extrusión Micotoxina Alimentación de los Animales Soybeans By-products Contamination Extrusion Mycotoxins Animal Feeding Expeller de Soja |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/21971 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/15/4/807 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040807 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT macielgisele fungalbiotaandmycotoxinscontaminationinsoybeanexpeller AT castellariclaudia fungalbiotaandmycotoxinscontaminationinsoybeanexpeller AT cardosomarceloleandro fungalbiotaandmycotoxinscontaminationinsoybeanexpeller AT abadiamariabernadette fungalbiotaandmycotoxinscontaminationinsoybeanexpeller AT busatopatrizia fungalbiotaandmycotoxinscontaminationinsoybeanexpeller AT bartosikricardoenrique fungalbiotaandmycotoxinscontaminationinsoybeanexpeller |