The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru
Peru is the eighth largest producer of cacao beans globally, but high cadmium contents are constraining access to international markets which have set upper thresholds for permitted concentrations in chocolate and derivatives. Preliminary data have suggested that high cadmium concentrations in cacao...
| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| Lenguaje: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Elsevier
2023
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372 |
| _version_ | 1855028860103426048 |
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| author | Thomas, Evert Atkinson, Rachel Zavaleta, Diego Rodriguez, Carlos Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel-Luciano Yovera, Fredy Arango, Karina Pezo, Abel Aguilar Zapata, Javier Neptali Tames, Miriam Ramos, Ana Cruz, Wilbert Cosme, Roberto Espinoza, Eduardo Chavez, Carmen Rosa Ladd, Brenton |
| author_browse | Aguilar Zapata, Javier Neptali Arango, Karina Atkinson, Rachel Chavez, Carmen Rosa Cosme, Roberto Cruz, Wilbert Espinoza, Eduardo Ladd, Brenton Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel-Luciano Pezo, Abel Ramos, Ana Rodriguez, Carlos Tames, Miriam Thomas, Evert Yovera, Fredy Zavaleta, Diego |
| author_facet | Thomas, Evert Atkinson, Rachel Zavaleta, Diego Rodriguez, Carlos Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel-Luciano Yovera, Fredy Arango, Karina Pezo, Abel Aguilar Zapata, Javier Neptali Tames, Miriam Ramos, Ana Cruz, Wilbert Cosme, Roberto Espinoza, Eduardo Chavez, Carmen Rosa Ladd, Brenton |
| author_sort | Thomas, Evert |
| collection | Repositorio INIA |
| description | Peru is the eighth largest producer of cacao beans globally, but high cadmium contents are constraining access to international markets which have set upper thresholds for permitted concentrations in chocolate and derivatives. Preliminary data have suggested that high cadmium concentrations in cacao beans are restricted to specific regions in the country, but to date no reliable maps exist of expected cadmium concentrations in soils and cacao beans. Drawing on >2000 representative samples of cacao beans and soils we developed multiple national and regional random forest models to develop predictive maps of cadmium in soil and cacao beans across the area suitable for cacao cultivation. Our model projections show that elevated concentrations of cadmium in cacao soils and beans are largely restricted to the northern parts of the country in the departments of Tumbes, Piura, Amazonas and Loreto, as well as some very localized pockets in the central departments of Huánuco and San Martin. Unsurprisingly, soil cadmium was the by far most important predictor of bean cadmium. Aside from the south-eastern to north-western spatial trend of increasing cadmium values in soils and beans, the most important predictors of both variables in nation-wide models were geology, rainfall seasonality, soil pH and rainfall. At regional level, alluvial deposits and mining operations were also associated with higher cadmium levels in cacao beans. Based on our predictive map of cadmium in cacao beans we estimate that while at a national level <20 % of cacao farming households might be impacted by the cadmium regulations, in the most affected department of Piura this could be as high as 89 %. |
| format | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| id | INIA2185 |
| institution | Institucional Nacional de Innovación Agraria |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| publisherStr | Elsevier |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | INIA21852024-11-29T04:00:40Z The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru Thomas, Evert Atkinson, Rachel Zavaleta, Diego Rodriguez, Carlos Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel-Luciano Yovera, Fredy Arango, Karina Pezo, Abel Aguilar Zapata, Javier Neptali Tames, Miriam Ramos, Ana Cruz, Wilbert Cosme, Roberto Espinoza, Eduardo Chavez, Carmen Rosa Ladd, Brenton Geology Seasonality Precipitation pH Soil texture Random forest https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.04 Geology Seasonality Precipitation pH Soil texture Geologia Estacionalidad Precipitación atmosférica Textura del suelo Peru is the eighth largest producer of cacao beans globally, but high cadmium contents are constraining access to international markets which have set upper thresholds for permitted concentrations in chocolate and derivatives. Preliminary data have suggested that high cadmium concentrations in cacao beans are restricted to specific regions in the country, but to date no reliable maps exist of expected cadmium concentrations in soils and cacao beans. Drawing on >2000 representative samples of cacao beans and soils we developed multiple national and regional random forest models to develop predictive maps of cadmium in soil and cacao beans across the area suitable for cacao cultivation. Our model projections show that elevated concentrations of cadmium in cacao soils and beans are largely restricted to the northern parts of the country in the departments of Tumbes, Piura, Amazonas and Loreto, as well as some very localized pockets in the central departments of Huánuco and San Martin. Unsurprisingly, soil cadmium was the by far most important predictor of bean cadmium. Aside from the south-eastern to north-western spatial trend of increasing cadmium values in soils and beans, the most important predictors of both variables in nation-wide models were geology, rainfall seasonality, soil pH and rainfall. At regional level, alluvial deposits and mining operations were also associated with higher cadmium levels in cacao beans. Based on our predictive map of cadmium in cacao beans we estimate that while at a national level <20 % of cacao farming households might be impacted by the cadmium regulations, in the most affected department of Piura this could be as high as 89 %. 2023-06-05T17:27:34Z 2023-06-05T17:27:34Z 2023-04-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Thomas, E.; Atkinson, R.; Zavaleta, D.; Rodriguez, C.; Lastra, S.; Yovera, F.; ... & Ladd, B. (2023). The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru. Science of The Total Environment, 881, 163372. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372 0048-9697 https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372 eng Science of the Total Environment info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ application/pdf application/pdf Elsevier PE Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria Repositorio Institucional - INIA |
| spellingShingle | Geology Seasonality Precipitation pH Soil texture Random forest https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.04 Geology Seasonality Precipitation pH Soil texture Geologia Estacionalidad Precipitación atmosférica Textura del suelo Thomas, Evert Atkinson, Rachel Zavaleta, Diego Rodriguez, Carlos Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel-Luciano Yovera, Fredy Arango, Karina Pezo, Abel Aguilar Zapata, Javier Neptali Tames, Miriam Ramos, Ana Cruz, Wilbert Cosme, Roberto Espinoza, Eduardo Chavez, Carmen Rosa Ladd, Brenton The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru |
| title | The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru |
| title_full | The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru |
| title_fullStr | The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru |
| title_full_unstemmed | The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru |
| title_short | The distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in Peru |
| title_sort | distribution of cadmium in soil and cacao beans in peru |
| topic | Geology Seasonality Precipitation pH Soil texture Random forest https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.04 Geology Seasonality Precipitation pH Soil texture Geologia Estacionalidad Precipitación atmosférica Textura del suelo |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2185 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163372 |
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