Arthrogryposis in calves
Arthrogryposis is a common congenital malformation in cattle and it affects the limbs through fibrosis of the joints leading to fixation. This is due to paralysis of the fetus because of alkaloid toxicosis in the pregnant dam during gestation day 40-70. When the fetus cannot move, the fibrosis de...
| Autor principal: | |
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| Formato: | First cycle, G2E |
| Lenguaje: | sueco Inglés |
| Publicado: |
2016
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/9042/ |
| _version_ | 1855571451436859392 |
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| author | Odevall, Alexandra |
| author_browse | Odevall, Alexandra |
| author_facet | Odevall, Alexandra |
| author_sort | Odevall, Alexandra |
| collection | Epsilon Archive for Student Projects |
| description | Arthrogryposis is a common congenital malformation in cattle and it affects the limbs through
fibrosis of the joints leading to fixation. This is due to paralysis of the fetus because of
alkaloid toxicosis in the pregnant dam during gestation day 40-70. When the fetus cannot
move, the fibrosis develops in the joints and the extremities are fixated. The condition is more
common in the forelimbs than the hind limbs and the hind limbs are usually not affected
without forelimbs being affected. When arthrogryposis is accompanied by a combination of
kyphosis, scoliosis, torticollis or cleft palate, it is most commonly referred to as Crooked Calf
Disease.
Arthrogryposis is accompanied by muscle atrophy and sometimes pale muscles and oedema
interstitially. The organs appear normal but cavitation in the brainstem and pons medulla,
hydranencephaly and a missing cerebellum has been reported. It has been reported that the
neurons of the ventral horns are reduced in number and gliosis has been seen.
Calves born with arthrogryposis have a hard time surviving as they cannot walk normally or
feed as they cannot reach the udder. Also the symptoms worsen as the calves grow because of
increased movement and pressure on the joints leading to secondary problems.
A variety of lupine plants have been suggested to induce arthrogryposis in calves when
ingested by the pregnant dam, especially during day 40-70 of gestation. Lupine induced
arthrogryposis is mostly reported on in the United States where an incidence of up to 37% has
been seen in grazing areas with an abundance of the most poisonous Lupinus plants, L.
caudatus and L. sericeus. The teratogen is reported to most likely be the alkaloid toxin called
anagyrine. This has been shown in several studies.
Mechanisms of arthrogryposis includes the fetus being exposed to the alkaloid toxin
anagyrine ingested by the dam through grazing on lupine abundant lands. The fetus needs to
be exposed to the toxin for about 30 days for the congenital deformity to take form. The fetal
muscles are not properly innervated because of acetylcholine receptor desensitization or
underdevelopment of the innervating nerve leading to fibrosis of the joints and fixating them.
The severity of arthrogryposis has been reported to be correlated to the severity of the
toxicosis in the pregnant dam. It is dose dependent, although differences in effects at the same
toxin level have been seen in different breeds and individuals with different body conditions.
Also, the duration of the exposure on the fetus to the toxin correlates with the severity of the
deformity. This is why sub-clinical toxicosis should be taken seriously. Viruses such as
Akabane virus and Schmallenberg virus have also been suggested to induce arthrogryposis in
cattle and are important differential diagnoses.
Genetic and physiological differences as well as altered grazing periods have been suggested
as means of lowering the incidence of arthrogryposis in calves and pros and cons are
proposed and discussed. |
| format | First cycle, G2E |
| id | RepoSLU9042 |
| institution | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences |
| language | Swedish Inglés |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| record_format | eprints |
| spelling | RepoSLU90422016-06-08T12:45:16Z https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/9042/ Arthrogryposis in calves Odevall, Alexandra Animal physiology and biochemistry Animal physiology - Growth and development Animal physiology - Reproduction Arthrogryposis is a common congenital malformation in cattle and it affects the limbs through fibrosis of the joints leading to fixation. This is due to paralysis of the fetus because of alkaloid toxicosis in the pregnant dam during gestation day 40-70. When the fetus cannot move, the fibrosis develops in the joints and the extremities are fixated. The condition is more common in the forelimbs than the hind limbs and the hind limbs are usually not affected without forelimbs being affected. When arthrogryposis is accompanied by a combination of kyphosis, scoliosis, torticollis or cleft palate, it is most commonly referred to as Crooked Calf Disease. Arthrogryposis is accompanied by muscle atrophy and sometimes pale muscles and oedema interstitially. The organs appear normal but cavitation in the brainstem and pons medulla, hydranencephaly and a missing cerebellum has been reported. It has been reported that the neurons of the ventral horns are reduced in number and gliosis has been seen. Calves born with arthrogryposis have a hard time surviving as they cannot walk normally or feed as they cannot reach the udder. Also the symptoms worsen as the calves grow because of increased movement and pressure on the joints leading to secondary problems. A variety of lupine plants have been suggested to induce arthrogryposis in calves when ingested by the pregnant dam, especially during day 40-70 of gestation. Lupine induced arthrogryposis is mostly reported on in the United States where an incidence of up to 37% has been seen in grazing areas with an abundance of the most poisonous Lupinus plants, L. caudatus and L. sericeus. The teratogen is reported to most likely be the alkaloid toxin called anagyrine. This has been shown in several studies. Mechanisms of arthrogryposis includes the fetus being exposed to the alkaloid toxin anagyrine ingested by the dam through grazing on lupine abundant lands. The fetus needs to be exposed to the toxin for about 30 days for the congenital deformity to take form. The fetal muscles are not properly innervated because of acetylcholine receptor desensitization or underdevelopment of the innervating nerve leading to fibrosis of the joints and fixating them. The severity of arthrogryposis has been reported to be correlated to the severity of the toxicosis in the pregnant dam. It is dose dependent, although differences in effects at the same toxin level have been seen in different breeds and individuals with different body conditions. Also, the duration of the exposure on the fetus to the toxin correlates with the severity of the deformity. This is why sub-clinical toxicosis should be taken seriously. Viruses such as Akabane virus and Schmallenberg virus have also been suggested to induce arthrogryposis in cattle and are important differential diagnoses. Genetic and physiological differences as well as altered grazing periods have been suggested as means of lowering the incidence of arthrogryposis in calves and pros and cons are proposed and discussed. Artrogrypos är en av de vanligaste medfödda missbildningarna hos kalvar och fixerar lederna i benen genom fibros. Detta orsakas av att fostret blir paralyserat då den dräktiga kon får i sig en toxisk alkaloid under dag 40-70 av dräktigheten. När fostret inte kan röra på sina ben utvecklas fibros i lederna som då fixeras. Detta är mer vanligt i frambenen än bakbenen och bakbenen är oftast inte påverkade utan att frambenen också är det. När artrogrypos ses i samband med kyphos, skolios, torticollis eller gomspalt kallas det ofta för “Crooked Calf Disease”. Artrogrypos ses i samband med muskelatrofi och ibland blek muskelvävnad och interstitiella ödem. Organen är generellt opåverkade men ingröpning i hjärnstammen och pons medulla, hydranencefali och avsaknad av cerebellum har rapporterats. Det har också rapporterats att neuronen i de ventrala hornen är färre och glios har förekommit. Kalvar som föds med artrogrypos överlever ofta inte eftersom de inte kan gå normalt eller dia eftersom de inte når juvret. Symtomen blir även värre när kalven växer eftersom den ökade rörelsen och trycket på lederna ger sekundära skador. Flertalet olika lupinväxter har rapporterats inducera artrogrypos hos kalvar när de äts av den dräktiga kon, framför allt under dag 40-70 av dräktigheten. Lupininducerad artrogrypos har i huvudsak rapporterats om i USA där incidensen kan vara upp till 37% i områden där betesmarken har ett stort antal av de giftiga lupinerna Lupinus caudatus och Lupinus sericeus. Den teratogena substansen har rapporterats att till största sannolikhet vara alkaloidtoxinet anagyrine vilket flertalet studier visat. Mekanismen bakom artrogrypos innefattar att fostret utsätts för alkaloidtoxinet anagyrine genom att den dräktiga kon betat på lupinrika betesmarker. Fostret behöver utsättas för toxinet i cirka 30 dagar för att den medfödda missbildningen ska ta form. Fostrets muskler innerveras inte ordentligt på grund av att acetylkolinreceptorerna är desensitiserade eller av underutvecklade nerver vilket ger fibros i lederna och slutligen fixering av dess. Hur allvarlig artrogryposen blir har rapporterats korrelera med hur allvarliga symtomen av förgiftningen i den dräktiga kon är. Den är beroende av dos även om skillnader i effekt vid samma nivå av toxinet har rapporterats för olika raser och kons kondition. Hur länge fostret utsätts för toxinet påverkar missbildningens allvarlighetsgrad varför subkliniska förgiftningar bör bli tagna på allvar. Virus så som Akabane virus och Schmallenberg virus har också rapporterats inducera artrogrypos hos nötkreatur och är därmed viktiga differentialdiagnoser. Beaktande av genetik och fysiologiska skillnader samt förändrade betesperioder har föreslagits för att minska incidensen av artrogrypos. För- och nackdelar diskuteras. 2016-05-16 First cycle, G2E NonPeerReviewed application/pdf sv https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/9042/1/odevall_a_20160520.pdf Odevall, Alexandra, 2016. Arthrogryposis in calves. First cycle, G2E. Uppsala: (VH) > Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry (until 231231) <https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/view/divisions/OID-712.html> urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-5361 eng |
| spellingShingle | Animal physiology and biochemistry Animal physiology - Growth and development Animal physiology - Reproduction Odevall, Alexandra Arthrogryposis in calves |
| title | Arthrogryposis in calves |
| title_full | Arthrogryposis in calves |
| title_fullStr | Arthrogryposis in calves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arthrogryposis in calves |
| title_short | Arthrogryposis in calves |
| title_sort | arthrogryposis in calves |
| topic | Animal physiology and biochemistry Animal physiology - Growth and development Animal physiology - Reproduction |
| url | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/9042/ https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/9042/ |