Emerging zoonotic viruses
Emerging infectious diseases poses a great future threat, not only to humans but also to domestic animals and wildlife. Even though the majority of these infections only cause minor health problems, the relatively recent emergence of HIV clearly illustrates that the next major human pandemic may sur...
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| Formato: | First cycle, G2E |
| Lenguaje: | sueco Inglés |
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2014
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| Acceso en línea: | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/6731/ |
| _version_ | 1855571061011120128 |
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| author | Lysholm, Sara |
| author_browse | Lysholm, Sara |
| author_facet | Lysholm, Sara |
| author_sort | Lysholm, Sara |
| collection | Epsilon Archive for Student Projects |
| description | Emerging infectious diseases poses a great future threat, not only to humans but also to domestic animals and wildlife. Even though the majority of these infections only cause minor health problems, the relatively recent emergence of HIV clearly illustrates that the next major human pandemic may surface at any time. Regardless of what the name indicates, most emerging human pathogens are not believed to be recently evolved, but to have existed previously in the natural environment. Most emerging pathogens are zoonotic, i.e. able to infect animals besides humans. Viruses are significantly overrepresented, which is thought to be due to the general difficulties in treating and controlling viral diseases, as well as the substantial amount of genetic diversity that viruses exhibits. Even though there is no clear association between the classification of a virus as zoonotic and its’ risk of emergence, many emerging viruses have been shown to be zoonotic or have a zoonotic history. Therefore it is probably accurate to conclude that zoonotic viruses constitute a significant risk for future emergence events.
Since the majority of emerging pathogens are zoonotic, the process of cross-species transmission of a microbe from its reservoir to humans is likely to play a central role. It is probable that humans are exposed to unfamiliar pathogens regularly, but that only a few of them will possess the required genetic features to successfully cause human infection. A fraction of these pathogens may go on to acquire the ability to transmit between humans, whereof an additional few may evolve to transmit at a rate that enables major epidemics. When emergence occurs, it appears to disproportionately often happen in areas that are affected by anthropogenic activities. Some of these activities are believed to act by augmenting exposure of humans to novel pathogens, reservoirs or vectors, others by enhancing disease transmission. In order to be prepared for future emergence events, there is a great need for additional research on numerous aspects of the emergence process. Also, given the complexity and multifactorial nature of disease emergence, a multidisciplinary and internationally conjunctive approach is often advised. |
| format | First cycle, G2E |
| id | RepoSLU6731 |
| institution | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences |
| language | Swedish Inglés |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publishDateSort | 2014 |
| record_format | eprints |
| spelling | RepoSLU67312014-10-02T12:33:39Z https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/6731/ Emerging zoonotic viruses Lysholm, Sara Animal diseases Human medicine, health, and safety Emerging infectious diseases poses a great future threat, not only to humans but also to domestic animals and wildlife. Even though the majority of these infections only cause minor health problems, the relatively recent emergence of HIV clearly illustrates that the next major human pandemic may surface at any time. Regardless of what the name indicates, most emerging human pathogens are not believed to be recently evolved, but to have existed previously in the natural environment. Most emerging pathogens are zoonotic, i.e. able to infect animals besides humans. Viruses are significantly overrepresented, which is thought to be due to the general difficulties in treating and controlling viral diseases, as well as the substantial amount of genetic diversity that viruses exhibits. Even though there is no clear association between the classification of a virus as zoonotic and its’ risk of emergence, many emerging viruses have been shown to be zoonotic or have a zoonotic history. Therefore it is probably accurate to conclude that zoonotic viruses constitute a significant risk for future emergence events. Since the majority of emerging pathogens are zoonotic, the process of cross-species transmission of a microbe from its reservoir to humans is likely to play a central role. It is probable that humans are exposed to unfamiliar pathogens regularly, but that only a few of them will possess the required genetic features to successfully cause human infection. A fraction of these pathogens may go on to acquire the ability to transmit between humans, whereof an additional few may evolve to transmit at a rate that enables major epidemics. When emergence occurs, it appears to disproportionately often happen in areas that are affected by anthropogenic activities. Some of these activities are believed to act by augmenting exposure of humans to novel pathogens, reservoirs or vectors, others by enhancing disease transmission. In order to be prepared for future emergence events, there is a great need for additional research on numerous aspects of the emergence process. Also, given the complexity and multifactorial nature of disease emergence, a multidisciplinary and internationally conjunctive approach is often advised. Infektiösa patogener som påvisats i en population för första gången, alternativt uppvisar en ökning i incidens eller geografisk spridning, utgör ett allvarligt framtida hot för såväl människor som djur. Majoriteten av dessa patogener orsakar endast mindre hälsoproblem, men risken att nästa stora pandemi kan vara nära i antågande får ej försummas. Detta illustreras tydligt av HIV, som på relativt kort tid har etablerat sig som en av världens mest fruktade infektiösa agens. Patogenerna av denna typ antas sällan vara nyutvecklade, utan förmodas oftast ha förekommit tidigare i naturen. De allra flesta är zoonotiska och därmed kapabla att infektera andra arter utöver människa. Virus är överrepresenterade, vilket dels antas bero på svårigheterna i att behandla och kontrollera virala sjukdomar, såväl som den enorma genetiska mångfald som virus uppvisar. Än så länge har ingen tydlig association kunnat påvisas mellan ett virus zoonotiska status och dess benägenhet att nyinfektera människor. Men eftersom en betydande andel trots allt innehar förmågan att infektera djur utöver människa, eller har haft historiskt, är det sannolikt att zoonotiska virus är en av de patogengrupper som utgör störst risk för framtiden. Eftersom många av de patogener som påvisats i humana populationer för första gången, alternativt uppvisar en ökning i incidens eller geografisk spridning, är sprungna ur djurpopulationer, kan överföringen av mikroorganismer från djur till människa antas spela en central roll. Troligen exponeras människan ständigt för främmande patogener, men endast ett mindre antal av dessa kommer att inneha de rätta genetiska förutsättningarna för att kunna orsaka mänsklig infektion. Av dessa är det troligen bara ett fåtal som kommer att utveckla förmågan att spridas mellan människor, varav endast en fraktion lyckas förfina detta till den grad att de kan skapa humana pandemier. Denna övergång från djurinfektion till human pandemi sker anmärkningsvärt ofta i områden som står under antropogen påverkan. Vissa av dessa aktiviteter förmodas verka genom att utöka exponeringen av människor för nya patogener, dess reservoarer eller vektorer, andra genom att underlätta spridning i populationen. För att mänskligheten i framtiden ska kunna förhålla sig till hotet som dessa infektiösa patogener utgör, finns det stora behov av forskning inom flera områden. Eftersom processen är komplex och multifaktoriell är en multidisciplinär och internationellt samordnad angreppsmetod ofta att rekommendera. 2014-09-04 First cycle, G2E NonPeerReviewed application/pdf sv https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/6731/11/lysholm_s_140904.pdf Lysholm, Sara, 2014. Emerging zoonotic viruses : what characterizes them and what are the risk factors for their emergence?. First cycle, G2E. Uppsala: (VH) > Dept. of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (until 231231) <https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/view/divisions/OID-713.html> urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-3870 eng |
| spellingShingle | Animal diseases Human medicine, health, and safety Lysholm, Sara Emerging zoonotic viruses |
| title | Emerging zoonotic viruses |
| title_full | Emerging zoonotic viruses |
| title_fullStr | Emerging zoonotic viruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging zoonotic viruses |
| title_short | Emerging zoonotic viruses |
| title_sort | emerging zoonotic viruses |
| topic | Animal diseases Human medicine, health, and safety |
| url | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/6731/ https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/6731/ |