Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996
The study was performed for the Swedish Regional Forestry Board in Södra Götaland. The study examines broadleaf plantations on former farmland that were planted between 1991 and 1996 with subsidy payments for conversion of farmland into forest. In particular, the study reviews forests planted in 199...
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| Formato: | L3 |
| Lenguaje: | sueco Inglés |
| Publicado: |
SLU/Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre
2006
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| Materias: |
| _version_ | 1855571837474308096 |
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| author | Blomquist, Anders |
| author_browse | Blomquist, Anders |
| author_facet | Blomquist, Anders |
| author_sort | Blomquist, Anders |
| collection | Epsilon Archive for Student Projects |
| description | The study was performed for the Swedish Regional Forestry Board in Södra Götaland. The study examines broadleaf plantations on former farmland that were planted between 1991 and 1996 with subsidy payments for conversion of farmland into forest. In particular, the study reviews forests planted in 1991-92 and 1994-96.
In the early 1990s, Swedish agriculture was deregulated and direct subsides to farmers ended. The Swedish state instead granted farmers financial support and offered incentives for conversion of farmland and investments in order to make their unproductive land productive.
The state supported conversion of farmland to broadleaf forest, forest for energy biomass production, or establishment of wetlands on former farmland. The County Administrative Boards and Regional Forestry Boards together monitored the planting of broadleaf forests. The forestry boards focused on practical concerns such as creation of plans, control of plantation, and verification. The county boards on the other hand were concerned with decision making and payment.
The plantations created in Scania in connection with Omställning 90 were never extensively evaluated. This work is therefore the first comprehensive study about what happened with these plantations.
The study was conducted in two parts: a preparative part consisting of telephone interviews and field studies, and a larger part consisting of telephone inquiries. The preparative study was conducted only in the former county of Kristianstad. Twenty plantations were chosen at random, 10 planted during 1991-92 and 10 during 1994-96. Two of the plantations were rejected directly as they did not meet the requirements. All of the landowners were to answer the same questions in the telephone interview: 1) Have they planted? 2) Have all the plants survived? 3) If not, why did the plants die? 4) Has the landowner replanted? 5) Why did the landowner join the broadleaf plantation program? 6) Would the landowner join the program again if he or she had another chance? In the following field studies an inventory was performed for 10 of these plantations, in order to determine if the landowners' statements were correct.
The most noteworthy result of the field study was that only 2 of the 10 chosen plantations from 1991-92 still existed. The others have become wasteland with only a few trees left, or have disappeared altogether and become farmland once more. For the plantations from 1994-96, on the other hand, 8 plantations remained, according to interviews and the field study. Only 2 have failed.
How could the outcomes be so different? Is this representative for all of Scania and if so, what caused the failure in 1991-92? To answer these questions, the study was broadened to include all of Scania and a more representative number of plantations.A total of 115 landowners were chosen at random. Of these, 75 participated in the study, 55 of whom had completed broadleaf plantations. Twenty had left the program and never planted, 36 of the others could not be reached, and 4 did not want to participate.
The result from this larger telephone inquiry qualified the results from the field study somewhat. According to the telephone inquiry about 31% of the plantations had failed, 18% had succeeded after replantation, and 51% had succeeded without further measures. The field study showed a 53% success rate for the plantations. All results taken as a whole showed a 66% success rate. For 18% of the failed plantations no further measures were taken.
The main reason for plant death seems to have been drought and damage from game. According to the landowners, drought was particularly severe during spring 1992, which seems to have caused extensive plant death on plantations from 1991 and 1992. It caused problems in all of Scania and maybe even in other parts of Sweden.
As the main reason for planting broadleaf forest the landowners mentioned the possibility to get financial support, and the possibility to make unproductive land productive or economically less interesting land more valuable. Other answers included care for game and environment, establishment of forests near urban areas, and personal interest of the landowner.
Regarding their intent to participate in a similar project again, 45% answered yes, 39% answered no, and the others were not sure.Reasons for not participating again were complicated bureaucracy, long processing times, and European Union subsidies for agriculture.
The conclusion of this study is that the results from the plantations could and should have been better. Several landowners did not protect the plantations sufficiently against game or take sufficient ground preparation measures to forestall competition by grass. This surely has affected the outcome.
The large number of landowners who have left the project, or participated but have a negative attitude toward possible future projects of this kind, suggests a necessity for different systems for administration and payment, preferably one that is simpler, more effective, less complicated, and under the responsibility of one agency.
The fact that many landowners did not take any measures after the first plantation failed suggests that the forestry boards should have conducted thorough investigations about the success of the plantations.
On the other hand, there are factors that neither landowners nor the forestry boards could influence. Severe drought is one of these. It is very probable that the outcome of the plantations would have been quite different, had it not been for the severe drought of 1992. It is likely that the drought of 1992 had a major impact to the plants planted during 1991 and 1992 in the whole of Scania County and probably also in most of Sweden. |
| format | L3 |
| id | RepoSLU11257 |
| institution | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences |
| language | swe Inglés |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | SLU/Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre |
| publisherStr | SLU/Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre |
| record_format | eprints |
| spelling | RepoSLU112572017-10-12T08:15:59Z Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 Follow-up of forest plantations on former agriculture land in southernmost Sweden 1991-1996 Blomquist, Anders skogsplantering tidigare åkermark lövträd The study was performed for the Swedish Regional Forestry Board in Södra Götaland. The study examines broadleaf plantations on former farmland that were planted between 1991 and 1996 with subsidy payments for conversion of farmland into forest. In particular, the study reviews forests planted in 1991-92 and 1994-96. In the early 1990s, Swedish agriculture was deregulated and direct subsides to farmers ended. The Swedish state instead granted farmers financial support and offered incentives for conversion of farmland and investments in order to make their unproductive land productive. The state supported conversion of farmland to broadleaf forest, forest for energy biomass production, or establishment of wetlands on former farmland. The County Administrative Boards and Regional Forestry Boards together monitored the planting of broadleaf forests. The forestry boards focused on practical concerns such as creation of plans, control of plantation, and verification. The county boards on the other hand were concerned with decision making and payment. The plantations created in Scania in connection with Omställning 90 were never extensively evaluated. This work is therefore the first comprehensive study about what happened with these plantations. The study was conducted in two parts: a preparative part consisting of telephone interviews and field studies, and a larger part consisting of telephone inquiries. The preparative study was conducted only in the former county of Kristianstad. Twenty plantations were chosen at random, 10 planted during 1991-92 and 10 during 1994-96. Two of the plantations were rejected directly as they did not meet the requirements. All of the landowners were to answer the same questions in the telephone interview: 1) Have they planted? 2) Have all the plants survived? 3) If not, why did the plants die? 4) Has the landowner replanted? 5) Why did the landowner join the broadleaf plantation program? 6) Would the landowner join the program again if he or she had another chance? In the following field studies an inventory was performed for 10 of these plantations, in order to determine if the landowners' statements were correct. The most noteworthy result of the field study was that only 2 of the 10 chosen plantations from 1991-92 still existed. The others have become wasteland with only a few trees left, or have disappeared altogether and become farmland once more. For the plantations from 1994-96, on the other hand, 8 plantations remained, according to interviews and the field study. Only 2 have failed. How could the outcomes be so different? Is this representative for all of Scania and if so, what caused the failure in 1991-92? To answer these questions, the study was broadened to include all of Scania and a more representative number of plantations.A total of 115 landowners were chosen at random. Of these, 75 participated in the study, 55 of whom had completed broadleaf plantations. Twenty had left the program and never planted, 36 of the others could not be reached, and 4 did not want to participate. The result from this larger telephone inquiry qualified the results from the field study somewhat. According to the telephone inquiry about 31% of the plantations had failed, 18% had succeeded after replantation, and 51% had succeeded without further measures. The field study showed a 53% success rate for the plantations. All results taken as a whole showed a 66% success rate. For 18% of the failed plantations no further measures were taken. The main reason for plant death seems to have been drought and damage from game. According to the landowners, drought was particularly severe during spring 1992, which seems to have caused extensive plant death on plantations from 1991 and 1992. It caused problems in all of Scania and maybe even in other parts of Sweden. As the main reason for planting broadleaf forest the landowners mentioned the possibility to get financial support, and the possibility to make unproductive land productive or economically less interesting land more valuable. Other answers included care for game and environment, establishment of forests near urban areas, and personal interest of the landowner. Regarding their intent to participate in a similar project again, 45% answered yes, 39% answered no, and the others were not sure.Reasons for not participating again were complicated bureaucracy, long processing times, and European Union subsidies for agriculture. The conclusion of this study is that the results from the plantations could and should have been better. Several landowners did not protect the plantations sufficiently against game or take sufficient ground preparation measures to forestall competition by grass. This surely has affected the outcome. The large number of landowners who have left the project, or participated but have a negative attitude toward possible future projects of this kind, suggests a necessity for different systems for administration and payment, preferably one that is simpler, more effective, less complicated, and under the responsibility of one agency. The fact that many landowners did not take any measures after the first plantation failed suggests that the forestry boards should have conducted thorough investigations about the success of the plantations. On the other hand, there are factors that neither landowners nor the forestry boards could influence. Severe drought is one of these. It is very probable that the outcome of the plantations would have been quite different, had it not been for the severe drought of 1992. It is likely that the drought of 1992 had a major impact to the plants planted during 1991 and 1992 in the whole of Scania County and probably also in most of Sweden. Detta arbete skrevs på uppdrag av Skogsvårdsstyrelsen Södra Götaland och undersöker lövträdsplanteringar på föredetta åkermark, utförda mellan 1991 och 1996 som fick anläggningsstöd för omvandling av åkermark till skogsmark. Speciell hänsyn tas till planteringarna utförda 1991-92 och 1994-96. I början av 90-talet skulle det svenska lantbruket avregleras och de ekonomiska subventionerna skulle minskas eller helt upphöra. För att förhindra att lantbrukarnas inkomst sjönk för drastiskt beslöt regeringen att under en övergångstid ge lantbrukarna inkomststöd, omställningsstöd och anläggningsstöd så att de kunde omföra sina jordbruksmarker till annan användning. Anläggningsstödet betalades ut till markägare för att anlägga lövskog, energiskog eller våtmarker på åkermark. Länsstyrelsen och Skogsvårdsstyrelsen tillsammans fick ansvaret för lövskogsplanteringarna. Skogsvårdsstyrelsen hade hand om de praktiska aspekterna, dvs. utarbetade planerna för skogsplanteringarna, kontrollerade om planteringarna hade utförts korrekt och bekräftade dem. Länsstyrelsen hade ansvar för beslutstagande och utbetalning av bidragen. Någon större uppföljning av de lövträdsplanteringar på åkermark som utfördes i Skåne i samband med omställning 90 har inte gjorts. Detta arbete är därför den första större uppföljningen av vad som hände med dessa planteringarna i Skåne. Arbetet kan sägas bestå av två delar; den första delen en förberedande telefonintervju med fältuppföljning och den andra delen en större telefonenkät. Den första förberednade undersökningen utfördes enbart i föredetta Kristianstad län (numera en del av Skåne län). Tanken var att den skulle följas upp av en likadan undersökning i föredetta Malmöhus län. 20 planteringar valdes ut slumpmässigt, 10 planterade 1991-92 och 10 1994-96. Två av planteringarna togs ur undersökningen eftersom de inte uppfyllde de villkor om satts upp för att planteringarna skulle få vara med i undersökningen. Alla markägare fick samma frågor: 1) Har de planterat? 2) Har plantorna överlevt? 3) Om inte, varför dog plantorna? 4) Har markägaren hjälpplanterat? 5) Varför ville markägaren vara med på Omställning 90? 6) Skulle markägaren vilja vara med på ett liknande projekt igen? I den efterföljande fältuppföljningen inventerades 10 av dessa planteringar för att kontrollera markägarnas uppgifter samt för att kunna jämföra olika årsgångar vad gäller höjdtillväxt och överlevnad. Det mest anmärkningsvärda resultatet av denna undersökning var att endast 2 av de 10 utvalda planteringarna från 1991-92 fortfarande existerade. De andra hade antingen blivit förvildad med endast några få träd kvar eller försvunnit helt och åter blivit åkermark. Av planteringarna gjorda 1994-96 däremot var, enligt inventering och intervju, 8 planteringar kvar. Endast två hade misslyckats. Hur kunde det bli så olika? Såg det så ut i hela Skåne och vad var i så fall orskak till det? För att skapa sig en bättre bild utvidgades examensarbetet till en större telefonenkät med fler deltagare som skulle innefatta hela Skåne. 115 markägare valdes ut slumpmässigt. Av dessa deltog 75 i enkäten varav 55 hade fullföljt och planterat lövskog och 20 hade hoppat av Omläggning 90 och aldrig planterat. Av de andra kunde eller ville fyra inte svara och 36 kunde inte nås. Resultatet av den stora telefonenkäten skilde sig från resultatet från fältundersökningen något. Enligt markägarna var 31% av planteringarna har misslyckats, 18% hade lyckats efter omplantering och 51% hade lyckats utan ytterligare åtgärd enligt telefonenkäten. I fältundersökningen är 53 % av planteringarna att anse som godkända. Sammanslaget innebär det att 66 % av planteringarna är godkänt beskogade. Av de misslyckade planteringarna blev 18 % aldrig föremål för hjälpplanteringar. Huvudorsakerna till plantavgång verkar ha varit torka och viltskador. Enligt markägarna var torkan särskilt hårt under våren 1992 vilket ska ha orsakat stora plantavgångar på planteringar utförda både 1991 och 1992. Torkan orsakade problem i hela Skåne och möjligen i stora delar av Svergie. Som anledningen att plantera lövskog angav markägarna i huvudsak möjligheten att få bidrag, möjligheten att få oproduktiv jordbruksmark omförd till produktiv skogsmark eller att. Andra svar var vilt- och miljövård, tätortsnära skogar och intresse. På frågan om markägarna skulle vilja vara med på ett liknande projekt igen svarade 45 % ja, det skulle de medan 39 % svarade nej, det skulle de inte. Övriga var osäkra. Flera markägare pekade dessutom direkt ut krånglig byråkrati, långa handläggningstider och EU-subventioner till jordbruket som orsaker varför de inte skulle vilja vara med på ett liknande projekt igen. Slutsatsen från undersökningarna är att resultatet kunde och borde ha sett bättre ut. Flera markägare har inte haft fullgott skydd mot viltskador eller gjort tillräckliga markberedande åtgärder för att förhindra konkurrensen från gräs. Detta har sannolikt påverkat resultatet. Det höga antalet avhoppare och negativa markägare antyder att man vid ett eventuellt liknande framtida projekt bör hitta ett annat, enklare system för administration och utbetalning av bidrag under en myndighets ansvar. Den höga andelen markägare som inte valt att hjälpplantera efter en misslyckad första plantering antyder att en ordentlig uppföljning av planteringarna borde ha gjorts av myndigheterna. Å andra sidan fanns det också faktorer och orsaker som varken markägare eller någon annan kan rå över. Dit får en mycket svår torka räknas. Det är sannolikt så att hade det inte varit för torkan våren 1992 hade resultatet sett bättre ut idag. SLU/Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre 2006 L3 swe eng https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/11257/ |
| spellingShingle | skogsplantering tidigare åkermark lövträd Blomquist, Anders Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 |
| title | Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 |
| title_full | Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 |
| title_fullStr | Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 |
| title_short | Uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i Skåne 1991-1996 |
| title_sort | uppföljning av plantering på nedlagd åkermark i skåne 1991-1996 |
| topic | skogsplantering tidigare åkermark lövträd |