Skogen Brun
After the last is age there was a long period when there was no shortage of forest for peoples needs. People living in Sweden could use the forest resources at their will. Around 4000 years BC the inhabitants of southern Sweden started to use the agricultural system and people become more stationary...
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| Formato: | Otro |
| Lenguaje: | sueco sueco |
| Publicado: |
2005
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/11002/ |
| _version_ | 1855571790708867072 |
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| author | Jörgensen, Eva |
| author_browse | Jörgensen, Eva |
| author_facet | Jörgensen, Eva |
| author_sort | Jörgensen, Eva |
| collection | Epsilon Archive for Student Projects |
| description | After the last is age there was a long period when there was no shortage of forest for peoples needs. People living in Sweden could use the forest resources at their will. Around 4000 years BC the inhabitants of southern Sweden started to use the agricultural system and people become more stationary. The farms were located together in groups and together they formed a social association, the village. Successively the population grew and in some areas the forest started to become a finite resource. Borders around villages and their forests and specific rules what was allowed to do or not to do within the forest were created. When exactly such rules and borders emerged nobody knows today, but from the time of the oldest written documents, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, it is clear there was already well developed laws about how to use the forest resources. The aim of this study was to give an overall view of the ownership of the forest in Sweden from the Middle Ages to the end of 1800 with a special focus on forest commons and the forest common "Brun" in southwestern Sweden in particular.
The forests could from the time of the Middle Ages, be divided or undivided. If the forest was divided it could be owned by the king, the nobility or the state. People that wanted to use these forests had to pay tax to the owner. The undivided forest could be state common forest, village common forest or common forest. The state common forest was governed by the king and was used primarily as a hunting area. The village common land was controlled by the village habitants themselves and as long as they agreed, everything was ok but if they disagree it could en up with a divided forest. The common forest could not be divided. From the middle of the seventeenth century the historical documents specify three types of commons: parish common land, district common land and landscape common land.
In this study I have also analysed a specific forest, a forest common called "Brun" situated in southwest of Sweden in the county Västergötland. The forest common Brun has mentioned in historic documents for at least 800 years. The reason it didn't become agriculture land is probably due to the topography. The forest is located on a ridge with some talus and the soil is not so nutrient rich. During the 300 years of my study, 1600-1900, the form of ownership of the forest common Brun has changed from a collective ownership during the 1600 to an individual ownership in the 1800 and in between, during the 1700 there was a period of state ownership. The forest was used for many purposes during this period, for example pasturage, firewood, shifting cultivation and new settlements. |
| format | Otro |
| id | RepoSLU11002 |
| institution | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences |
| language | Swedish swe |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| record_format | eprints |
| spelling | RepoSLU110022017-09-19T08:22:59Z https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/11002/ Skogen Brun Jörgensen, Eva Forestry - General aspects After the last is age there was a long period when there was no shortage of forest for peoples needs. People living in Sweden could use the forest resources at their will. Around 4000 years BC the inhabitants of southern Sweden started to use the agricultural system and people become more stationary. The farms were located together in groups and together they formed a social association, the village. Successively the population grew and in some areas the forest started to become a finite resource. Borders around villages and their forests and specific rules what was allowed to do or not to do within the forest were created. When exactly such rules and borders emerged nobody knows today, but from the time of the oldest written documents, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, it is clear there was already well developed laws about how to use the forest resources. The aim of this study was to give an overall view of the ownership of the forest in Sweden from the Middle Ages to the end of 1800 with a special focus on forest commons and the forest common "Brun" in southwestern Sweden in particular. The forests could from the time of the Middle Ages, be divided or undivided. If the forest was divided it could be owned by the king, the nobility or the state. People that wanted to use these forests had to pay tax to the owner. The undivided forest could be state common forest, village common forest or common forest. The state common forest was governed by the king and was used primarily as a hunting area. The village common land was controlled by the village habitants themselves and as long as they agreed, everything was ok but if they disagree it could en up with a divided forest. The common forest could not be divided. From the middle of the seventeenth century the historical documents specify three types of commons: parish common land, district common land and landscape common land. In this study I have also analysed a specific forest, a forest common called "Brun" situated in southwest of Sweden in the county Västergötland. The forest common Brun has mentioned in historic documents for at least 800 years. The reason it didn't become agriculture land is probably due to the topography. The forest is located on a ridge with some talus and the soil is not so nutrient rich. During the 300 years of my study, 1600-1900, the form of ownership of the forest common Brun has changed from a collective ownership during the 1600 to an individual ownership in the 1800 and in between, during the 1700 there was a period of state ownership. The forest was used for many purposes during this period, for example pasturage, firewood, shifting cultivation and new settlements. De första människorna som kom till vårt land efter istiden var samlar- och jägarfolk. De utnyttjade områden som var tillräckligt stora för sitt kringströvande liv och för dessa människor var skogen en oändlig resurs. Med tiden började de hålla husdjur och även i viss mån odla marken vilket var starten för jordbrukandet. De första säkra beläggen om att jordbrukandet fick fotfäste i Skandinavien är från ca 4000 f Kr (Ljunggren & Myrdal 1991). Jordbrukarna bildade ensamgårdar eller mindre gårdsgrupper som tillsammans kunde bilda en organisation i form av en by. Byarna låg i anslutning till mer odlingsvänliga marker och mellan dessa byar fanns större eller mindre skogsområden (Sveriges häradsallmänningar 1918). Denna skog, eller utmark som den också kallades blev med tiden en begränsad resurs i vissa områden och delades upp i skiftad eller oskiftad mark. Om skogen var skiftad kunde den vara av skatte-, krono- eller frälsenatur och de som utnyttjade marken fick betala en avgift till de olika ägarna. Oskiftade utmarker kunde vara av tre slag; kronoparker, byaskogar och allmänningar (Hill 1999 b). Kronoparkerna var kronans enskilda egendom där kungen bestämde hur skogen skulle utnyttjas. Byaskogarna ägdes samfällt av byamännen som i stort sett hade friheten att själva bestämma hur skogen skulle utnyttjas. Ett undantag var regeln om de bärande träden, framför allt ek och bok, som var undantagen till kronan och adeln. De skyddades till förmån för svinens ollonbete och till båtbyggen, vilka båda hade stor ekonomisk betydelse. Allmänningar var övrig samfälld skog och från mitten av 1600-talet nämns tre slag av allmänningar; sockenallmänning, häradsallmänning och landsallmänning. Sockenallmänningar var skogsområden som innehades av sockenborna och kunde nyttjas av dessa. Härads-/hundaresallmänningar var skogsområden som låg i gränsområden mot andra härader/hundare. De som kunde utnyttja denna skog var de jordägande bönderna i det härad/hundare som skogen hörde till. Men dessa bönder kunde inte nyttja skogen hur som helst, de var först tvungna ansöka om tillstånd hos häradstinget (Almquist 1928). Landsallmänningar hade i de flesta fall samma sorts regler som häradsallmänningarna. Skillnaden var att jordägare som kunde nyttja dessa kom från hela landskapet och att tillstånd söktes hos landstinget (Almquist 1928). I detta arbete har jag också analyserat ett specifikt skogsområde, skogen Brun i Västergötland. Denna skog har varit allmänning i olika varianter under minst 800 år och förmodligen ännu längre. Namnet finns med redan i våra äldsta bevarade källor från 1300-talet och står fortfarande med på fastighetskartor av idag. Samhället och människorna runt omkring har förändrats men skogen har alltid funnits i detta område. En av orsakerna till detta är förmodligen den höjdrygg och det kuperade landskap som präglar skogen Brun, detta gör det svårt att nyttja marken till jordbruk och liknande verksamhet. Under de ca 300 år jag studerat förändrades ägandeförhållandena från ett kollektivt ägande på 1600-talet till ett individuellt ägande på 1800- talet via en period av statligt ägande som kronoallmänning under 94 år under 1700-talet. Att studera ett område som skogen Brun ger ett djupare perspektiv på den skogsskötsel som vi ägnar oss åt idag. Tidsperspektivet i skogliga sammanhang är ett annat än den snabba takt samhället i övrigt följer. Det vi planterar idag ska avverkas i en tid som vi inte vet något om och som förmodligen har andra intressen och behov än de vi har. Kunskap om skogshistoria ger en bredare och djupare förståelse om till exempel skogsskötsel, skogspolitik, trädslagsval, klimatets inverkan. Kunskaper man har stor nytta av när man ska planera en lång framtid. 2005-05-20 Other NonPeerReviewed application/pdf sv https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/11002/1/jorgensen_e_170919.pdf Jörgensen, Eva, 2005. Skogen Brun : ett nedslag i västsvensk skogshistoria. UNSPECIFIED, Umeå. Umeå: (S) > Dept. of Forest Ecology and Management <https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/view/divisions/OID-241.html> urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-6951 swe |
| spellingShingle | Forestry - General aspects Jörgensen, Eva Skogen Brun |
| title | Skogen Brun |
| title_full | Skogen Brun |
| title_fullStr | Skogen Brun |
| title_full_unstemmed | Skogen Brun |
| title_short | Skogen Brun |
| title_sort | skogen brun |
| topic | Forestry - General aspects |
| url | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/11002/ https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/11002/ |