Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp?
Green public procurement (GPP) can be used as an instrument to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and consideration of environmental aspects within public procurement is becoming more common in Sweden and internationally. Two product groups that have been pointed out as especially important are transp...
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| Formato: | Otro |
| Lenguaje: | sueco sueco |
| Publicado: |
2008
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| Acceso en línea: | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/10896/ |
| _version_ | 1855571770965229568 |
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| author | Lestander, Dag |
| author_browse | Lestander, Dag |
| author_facet | Lestander, Dag |
| author_sort | Lestander, Dag |
| collection | Epsilon Archive for Student Projects |
| description | Green public procurement (GPP) can be used as an instrument to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and consideration of environmental aspects within public procurement is becoming more common in Sweden and internationally. Two product groups that have been pointed out as especially important are transports and electricity, where the opportunities for public purchasers to reduce emissions are relatively large. This paper studies GPP which aims at reducing emissions, primarily of carbon dioxide, through environmental requirements within these two product groups. A theoretical analysis of cost-effectiveness, transaction costs and effects on technological development is performed, followed by a closer study of how these aspects appear in practice within GPP.
The results indicate that a cost-effective allocation of reductions between the two product groups is most likely to be attained if the main part of emission reduction is achieved through environmental requirements on electricity. The cost for emission reduction within transports is relatively high, especially for heavy transports.
For transportation services, more generally focused requirements on emission reductions could probably give greater environmental gains, but the existence of transaction costs steer the environmental requirements towards more technology specific types. A greater supply of environmentally labelled transports would probably facilitate the use of environmental requirements within this area. The label 'Bra Miljöval' electricity is the most common choice of electricity under GPP, and the transaction cost for public authorities can be kept comparably low in this case since a third party verifies real environmental performance. However, it can be questioned if Bra Miljöval is the best composition of environmental requirements if the main purpose is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, since some techniques of electricity production with potentially low costs for emission reductions are not allowed.
Public procurers have proportionately large opportunities to affect technological development within heavy transportation vehicles and strategic efforts within this area could therefore be recommended. The price premium paid for Bra Miljöval electricity does not seem to promote less developed electricity production techniques that are marketed at relatively high prices today. GPP programs more specifically directed at immature technologies might be necessary if technology development within renewable electricity production is desired.
The main conclusion of the study is that the lack of statistics and follow-up of results make it difficult to perform more comprehensive environmental economic analysis of GPP. Systems on national level for regular follow-ups and reporting of results should therefore be prioritized in order to facilitate future studies and assessments. |
| format | Otro |
| id | RepoSLU10896 |
| institution | Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences |
| language | Swedish swe |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| record_format | eprints |
| spelling | RepoSLU108962017-09-21T10:40:57Z https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/10896/ Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? Lestander, Dag Economics and management Green public procurement (GPP) can be used as an instrument to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and consideration of environmental aspects within public procurement is becoming more common in Sweden and internationally. Two product groups that have been pointed out as especially important are transports and electricity, where the opportunities for public purchasers to reduce emissions are relatively large. This paper studies GPP which aims at reducing emissions, primarily of carbon dioxide, through environmental requirements within these two product groups. A theoretical analysis of cost-effectiveness, transaction costs and effects on technological development is performed, followed by a closer study of how these aspects appear in practice within GPP. The results indicate that a cost-effective allocation of reductions between the two product groups is most likely to be attained if the main part of emission reduction is achieved through environmental requirements on electricity. The cost for emission reduction within transports is relatively high, especially for heavy transports. For transportation services, more generally focused requirements on emission reductions could probably give greater environmental gains, but the existence of transaction costs steer the environmental requirements towards more technology specific types. A greater supply of environmentally labelled transports would probably facilitate the use of environmental requirements within this area. The label 'Bra Miljöval' electricity is the most common choice of electricity under GPP, and the transaction cost for public authorities can be kept comparably low in this case since a third party verifies real environmental performance. However, it can be questioned if Bra Miljöval is the best composition of environmental requirements if the main purpose is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, since some techniques of electricity production with potentially low costs for emission reductions are not allowed. Public procurers have proportionately large opportunities to affect technological development within heavy transportation vehicles and strategic efforts within this area could therefore be recommended. The price premium paid for Bra Miljöval electricity does not seem to promote less developed electricity production techniques that are marketed at relatively high prices today. GPP programs more specifically directed at immature technologies might be necessary if technology development within renewable electricity production is desired. The main conclusion of the study is that the lack of statistics and follow-up of results make it difficult to perform more comprehensive environmental economic analysis of GPP. Systems on national level for regular follow-ups and reporting of results should therefore be prioritized in order to facilitate future studies and assessments. Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling (MAOU) kan fungera som ett instrument för att minska utsläpp av koldioxid, och miljöhänsyn i offentlig upphandling blir allt vanligare i Sverige och internationellt. Två produktområden som pekats ut som speciellt viktiga är transporter och elenergi, där offentlig sektors möjligheter till utsläppsminsknigar är relativt stora. I denna uppsats studeras MAOU som syftar till att minska utsläpp, främst av koldioxid, genom miljökrav inom dessa två produktområden. En teoretisk analys görs med avseende på kostnadseffektivitet, transaktionskostnader och effekter på teknisk utveckling, följt av en närmare studie av hur dessa aspekter ser ut i praktiken inom MAOU. Resultaten tyder på att en kostnadseffektiv fördelning av utsläppsmål mellan de två produktområdena i dagsläget troligen uppnås om huvuddelen av utsläppsminskningen sker genom miljökrav på elleveranser. Kostnaden för utsläppsminskning inom transportområdet är relativt hög, speciellt för tunga transporter. Inom transporttjänsteområdet skulle troligen en tydligare fokusering på mer generella krav på utsläppsnivåer kunna ge större miljövinst, men förekomsten av transaktionskostnader styr miljökraven mot mer teknikspecifika former. Ett större utbud av miljömärkta transporter skulle troligen underlätta användningen av miljökrav inom detta område. Bra Miljöval el är det vanligaste valet inom MAOU av el, vilket ger förhållandevis låga transaktionskostnader eftersom en tredje part kontrollerar uppfyllelse av miljökrav. Det kan dock ifrågasättas om kriterierna för Bra Miljöval är den bästa utformningen av miljökrav om huvudsyftet är minskade utsläpp av koldioxid, eftersom vissa produktionstekniker med potentiellt låga kostnader för utsläppsminskningar inte tillåts. Offentliga upphandlare har förhållandevis stora möjligheter att påverka den tekniska utvecklingen av tunga transportfordon och strategiska satsningar inom detta område kan därför vara lämpliga. Den prispremie som betalas för Bra Miljöval el verkar inte bidra till att främja mindre mogna elproduktionsteknologier som idag har förhållandevis höga marknadspriser. Mer specifikt inriktade upphandlingsprogram kan behövas om teknisk utveckling inom förnyelsebar elproduktion är en del av målsättningen. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsats är att bristen på statistik och uppföljningar i dagsläget gör det svårt att utföra mer övergripande miljöekonomiska analyser och utvärderingar av MAOU. Nationella system för regelmässig uppföljning och inrapportering av resultat bör därför prioriteras för att underlätta framtida studier och utvärderingar. 2008-02-04 Other NonPeerReviewed application/pdf sv https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/10896/1/lestander_d_170921.pdf Lestander, Dag, 2007. Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? : En studie av kostnadseffektivitet, transaktionskostnader och teknisk utveckling. UNSPECIFIED, Uppsala. Uppsala: (NL, NJ) > Dept. of Economics <https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/view/divisions/OID-510.html> urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-7061 swe |
| spellingShingle | Economics and management Lestander, Dag Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| title | Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| title_full | Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| title_fullStr | Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| title_short | Miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| title_sort | miljöanpassad offentlig upphandling: effektivt styrmedel mot koldioxidutsläpp? |
| topic | Economics and management |
| url | https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/10896/ https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/10896/ |