The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal naturally occurring in the earth’s crust ordue to anthropogenic activity. The presence of thismetal in cacao farmsoils represents a significant issue as levels are now regulated in products derived from cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.). Several strategie...
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| Format: | article |
| Language: | Español |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute - MDPI
2025
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| Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/41230 |
| _version_ | 1854959293778886656 |
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| author | Bravo, Daniel Benavides Erazo, Javier |
| author_browse | Benavides Erazo, Javier Bravo, Daniel |
| author_facet | Bravo, Daniel Benavides Erazo, Javier |
| author_sort | Bravo, Daniel |
| collection | Repositorio AGROSAVIA |
| description | Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal naturally occurring in the earth’s crust ordue to
anthropogenic activity. The presence of thismetal in cacao farmsoils represents a significant issue as levels
are now regulated in products derived from cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.). Several strategies have
been proposed to measure cadmium levels; however, little is known regarding in situ non-destructive
and time e cient techniques to analyze Cd contents in both cacao topsoils and subsoils, particularly
nearby the root system. Therefore, this research aims to integrate the physical property of soil
resistivity to Cd content in cacao soils. Cd hot spots are estimated from resistivity measurements
using a two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT) technique and correlated to Cd
determination using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). To assess
the dynamics of soil Cd content the correlation is discussed with other physical chemical parameters
of soils (pH, organic matter, Ca, Fe, and P). The study was performed in 27 cacao farms in Colombia.
A farm in Santander district proved to have the highest level of Cd using the correlated techniques
(2.76 mg kg�����1 Cd and 1815 Ohm m) followed by farms in Boyacá and Arauca districts (2.6 and
0.66 mg kg�����1 Cd, related to 1616 and 743 Ohm m, respectively). A high correlation between 2D-ERT
and Cd determination (R2 = 0.87) was found. The discussion regarding the soil parameters analyzed
suggests that the 2D-ERT technique could be used as a preliminary approach to explore Cd distribution
in cacao soils. |
| format | article |
| id | RepoAGROSAVIA41230 |
| institution | Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria |
| language | Español |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute - MDPI |
| publisherStr | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute - MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | RepoAGROSAVIA412302025-09-16T03:01:45Z The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils Bravo, Daniel Benavides Erazo, Javier Cultivo - F01 Theobroma cacao Cultivo Resistencia eléctrica Análisis del suelo Cacao http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1972 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10570 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7198 Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal naturally occurring in the earth’s crust ordue to anthropogenic activity. The presence of thismetal in cacao farmsoils represents a significant issue as levels are now regulated in products derived from cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.). Several strategies have been proposed to measure cadmium levels; however, little is known regarding in situ non-destructive and time e cient techniques to analyze Cd contents in both cacao topsoils and subsoils, particularly nearby the root system. Therefore, this research aims to integrate the physical property of soil resistivity to Cd content in cacao soils. Cd hot spots are estimated from resistivity measurements using a two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (2D-ERT) technique and correlated to Cd determination using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). To assess the dynamics of soil Cd content the correlation is discussed with other physical chemical parameters of soils (pH, organic matter, Ca, Fe, and P). The study was performed in 27 cacao farms in Colombia. A farm in Santander district proved to have the highest level of Cd using the correlated techniques (2.76 mg kg�����1 Cd and 1815 Ohm m) followed by farms in Boyacá and Arauca districts (2.6 and 0.66 mg kg�����1 Cd, related to 1616 and 743 Ohm m, respectively). A high correlation between 2D-ERT and Cd determination (R2 = 0.87) was found. The discussion regarding the soil parameters analyzed suggests that the 2D-ERT technique could be used as a preliminary approach to explore Cd distribution in cacao soils. Cacao-Theobroma cacao 2025-09-15T14:31:31Z 2025-09-15T14:31:31Z 2020 2020 article Artículo científico http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 info:eu-repo/semantics/article https://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/41230 reponame:Biblioteca Digital Agropecuaria de Colombia instname:Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria AGROSAVIA spa Plan View 8727 193934 Applied Sciences 10 4149 1 16 Bravo, D.; Pardo-Diaz, S.; Benavides-Erazo, J.; Rengifo-Estrada, G.; Braissant, O.; Leon-Moreno, C. Soil cadmium tolerant-immobilizing bacteria in cocoa crops from northeastern Colombia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2018, 124, 1175–1194. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Pérez, I.; Romero, F.M.; Zamora, O.; Gutiérrez-Ruiz, M.E. Magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity as a proxy for evaluating soil contaminated with arsenic, cadmium and lead in a metallurgical area in the San Luis Potosi State, Mexico. Environ. Earth Sci. 2014, 72, 1521–1531. [CrossRef Khaokaew, S.; Chaney, R.L.; Landrot, G.; Ginder-Vogel, M.; Sparks, D.L. Speciation and release kinetics of cadmium in an alkaline paddy soil under various flooding periods and draining conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4249–4255 Domra Kana, J.; Djongyang, N.; Danwe, R.; Njandjock Nouck, P.; Abdouramani, D. A review of geophysical methods for geothermal exploration. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2015, 44, 87–95. [CrossRef] Quezada-Hinojosa, R.; Föllmi, K.B.; Gillet, F.; Matera, V. Cadmium accumulation in six common plant species associated with soils containing high geogenic cadmium concentrations at Le Gurnigel, Swiss Jura Mountains. CATENA 2015, 124, 85–96. [CrossRef] Okpoli, C.C. Sensitivity and resolution capacity of electrode configurations. Int. J. Geophys. 2013, 2013, 12. [CrossRef] Lorentzen, E.M.L.; Kingston, H.M.S. Comparison of microwave-assisted and conventional leaching using EPA method 3050B. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 4316–4320. [CrossRef] Vargas, O. Geoquímica del Suroriente de la Planca 5-06 Departamentos de Santander y Norte de Santander; INGEOMINAS, Ed.; Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería INGEOMINAS: Bogotá, Colombia, 2005; Volume 1, pp. 73–76 Barraza, F.; Maurice, L.; Uzu, G.; Becerra, S.; López, F.; Ochoa-Herrera, V.; Ruales, J.; Schreck, E. Distribution, contents and health risk assessment of metal(loid)s in small-scale farms in the Ecuadorian Amazon: An insight into impacts of oil activities. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 622-623, 106–120. [CrossRef] Chavez, E.; He, Z.L.; Sto ella, P.J.; Mylavarapu, R.S.; Li, Y.C.; Moyano, B.; Baligar, V.C. Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 533, 205–214. [CrossRef] [PubMed] Chen, B.; Tan, S.; Zeng, Q.; Wang, A.; Zheng, H. Soil nutrient heterogeneity a ects the accumulation and transfer of cadmium in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) pers.). Chemosphere 2019, 221, 342–348. [CrossRef] [PubMed] IGAC. Estudio General de Suelos y Zonificación de Tierras Arauca: Escala 1:100.000/Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, 1st ed.; Nacional, I., Ed.; Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi: Bogotá, Colombia, 2018; Volume 1, p. 32. Método diagnóstico con la técnica ERT para estudiar la distribución y direccionalidad del cadmio en el subsuelo cacaotero Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ application/pdf application/pdf Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute - MDPI Bogotá (Colombia) Applied Sciences; Vol 10, Num. 4149 (2020): Applied Sciences; p. 1-16. |
| spellingShingle | Cultivo - F01 Theobroma cacao Cultivo Resistencia eléctrica Análisis del suelo Cacao http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1972 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10570 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7198 Bravo, Daniel Benavides Erazo, Javier The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils |
| title | The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils |
| title_full | The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils |
| title_fullStr | The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils |
| title_short | The Use of a Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) as a Technique for Cadmium Determination in Cacao Crop Soils |
| title_sort | use of a two dimensional electrical resistivity tomography 2d ert as a technique for cadmium determination in cacao crop soils |
| topic | Cultivo - F01 Theobroma cacao Cultivo Resistencia eléctrica Análisis del suelo Cacao http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1972 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10570 http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7198 |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12324/41230 |
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