Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon
Scenarios of climate change, extensive land use, soil degradation, the loss of native forest cover due to monoculture expansion, and pasture scarcity pose new challenges to livestock farming worldwide. Associated crops emerge as an alternative to mitigate these factors; however, selecting compatible...
| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Artículo |
| Lenguaje: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
MDPI
2025
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2924 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112445 |
| _version_ | 1855490182315245568 |
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| author | Vásquez, Héctor V. Reyna, Manuel Valqui Valqui, Lamberto Bobadilla, Leidy G. Maicelo, Jorge L. Zagaceta Llanca, Luis Homero Yalta Vela, Juan Isla Pérez, José Manuel Paucar, Ysai Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A. Valqui, Leandro |
| author_browse | Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A. Bobadilla, Leidy G. Isla Pérez, José Manuel Maicelo, Jorge L. Paucar, Ysai Reyna, Manuel Valqui Valqui, Lamberto Valqui, Leandro Vásquez, Héctor V. Yalta Vela, Juan Zagaceta Llanca, Luis Homero |
| author_facet | Vásquez, Héctor V. Reyna, Manuel Valqui Valqui, Lamberto Bobadilla, Leidy G. Maicelo, Jorge L. Zagaceta Llanca, Luis Homero Yalta Vela, Juan Isla Pérez, José Manuel Paucar, Ysai Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A. Valqui, Leandro |
| author_sort | Vásquez, Héctor V. |
| collection | Repositorio INIA |
| description | Scenarios of climate change, extensive land use, soil degradation, the loss of native forest cover due to monoculture expansion, and pasture scarcity pose new challenges to livestock farming worldwide. Associated crops emerge as an alternative to mitigate these factors; however, selecting compatible species that do not generate competition and optimize the attributes of the forage is a necessity. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of a maize and bean association, and cutting time on the morphological variables, yield, and nutritional composition of forage. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a 3A × 3C factorial arrangement and three blocks was used. Factor A (associations) had three levels: INIA-604-Morocho maize monoculture (M), M+PER1003544 chaucha bean association (M+F1), and M+PER1003551 chaucha bean association (M+F2). Factor C (maize cutting stage) had three levels: R2 (blister grain), R3 (milky grain), and R4 (pasty grain). A total of 27 experimental units were established. No silage was made; the nutritional quality was evaluated as the raw material for silage. The treatments modulated key attributes for silage. In R4, the M+F2 association (INIA-604-Morocho + PER1003551) showed a higher percentage of dry matter in the system (32.36%) and better mixture quality due to a lower NDF and ADF (48.22% and 23.29%) and higher digestibility and protein values (62.10% and 9.53%). In addition, dry matter yields increased compared with R2 in M+F1 (134.16%), M+F2 (90.56%), and M (138.48%). Although R3 maximized green forage, R4 offered the best combination of quantity and quality for silage (as raw material), reducing the risk of deterioration and improving forage use efficiency. In general, combining maize with beans and adjusting the cut to R4 optimizes the production and quality of the raw material for silage, with the criterion that these findings pertain to pre-ensiled material and should be validated in future studies. |
| format | Artículo |
| id | INIA2924 |
| institution | Institucional Nacional de Innovación Agraria |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| publisherStr | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | INIA29242025-11-03T21:17:35Z Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon Vásquez, Héctor V. Reyna, Manuel Valqui Valqui, Lamberto Bobadilla, Leidy G. Maicelo, Jorge L. Zagaceta Llanca, Luis Homero Yalta Vela, Juan Isla Pérez, José Manuel Paucar, Ysai Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A. Valqui, Leandro Grasses and legumes Crop rotation Soil degradation Monoculture Livestock farming Gramíneas y leguminosas Rotación de cultivos Degradación del suelo Monocultivo Ganadería https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.01 Maíz; Maize; Fréjol; Common beans; Forraje; Forage; Ensilado; Silage; Cultivo asociado; Companion crops; Sistema de cultivo; Cropping systems; Rendimiento de cultivos; Crop yield. Scenarios of climate change, extensive land use, soil degradation, the loss of native forest cover due to monoculture expansion, and pasture scarcity pose new challenges to livestock farming worldwide. Associated crops emerge as an alternative to mitigate these factors; however, selecting compatible species that do not generate competition and optimize the attributes of the forage is a necessity. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of a maize and bean association, and cutting time on the morphological variables, yield, and nutritional composition of forage. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a 3A × 3C factorial arrangement and three blocks was used. Factor A (associations) had three levels: INIA-604-Morocho maize monoculture (M), M+PER1003544 chaucha bean association (M+F1), and M+PER1003551 chaucha bean association (M+F2). Factor C (maize cutting stage) had three levels: R2 (blister grain), R3 (milky grain), and R4 (pasty grain). A total of 27 experimental units were established. No silage was made; the nutritional quality was evaluated as the raw material for silage. The treatments modulated key attributes for silage. In R4, the M+F2 association (INIA-604-Morocho + PER1003551) showed a higher percentage of dry matter in the system (32.36%) and better mixture quality due to a lower NDF and ADF (48.22% and 23.29%) and higher digestibility and protein values (62.10% and 9.53%). In addition, dry matter yields increased compared with R2 in M+F1 (134.16%), M+F2 (90.56%), and M (138.48%). Although R3 maximized green forage, R4 offered the best combination of quantity and quality for silage (as raw material), reducing the risk of deterioration and improving forage use efficiency. In general, combining maize with beans and adjusting the cut to R4 optimizes the production and quality of the raw material for silage, with the criterion that these findings pertain to pre-ensiled material and should be validated in future studies. 2025-11-03T17:04:41Z 2025-11-03T17:04:41Z 2025-10-22 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Vásquez, H. V., Reyna, M., Valqui-Valqui, L., Bobadilla, L. G., Maicelo, J. L., Zagaceta Llanca, L. H., Yalta Vela, J., Isla Pérez, J. M., Paucar, Y., Altamirano-Tantalean, M. A., & Valqui, L. (2025). Impact of the association of maize with native beans on the morphological growth, yield, and nutritional composition of forage intended for silage in the Peruvian Amazon. Agronomy, 15(11), 2445. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112445 2073-4395 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2924 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112445 eng urn:issn:2073-4395 Agronomy info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ application/pdf application/pdf MDPI CH Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria Repositorio Institucional - INIA |
| spellingShingle | Grasses and legumes Crop rotation Soil degradation Monoculture Livestock farming Gramíneas y leguminosas Rotación de cultivos Degradación del suelo Monocultivo Ganadería https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.01 Maíz; Maize; Fréjol; Common beans; Forraje; Forage; Ensilado; Silage; Cultivo asociado; Companion crops; Sistema de cultivo; Cropping systems; Rendimiento de cultivos; Crop yield. Vásquez, Héctor V. Reyna, Manuel Valqui Valqui, Lamberto Bobadilla, Leidy G. Maicelo, Jorge L. Zagaceta Llanca, Luis Homero Yalta Vela, Juan Isla Pérez, José Manuel Paucar, Ysai Altamirano Tantalean, Miguel A. Valqui, Leandro Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon |
| title | Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon |
| title_full | Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon |
| title_fullStr | Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon |
| title_short | Impact of the Association of Maize with Native Beans on the Morphological Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Composition of Forage Intended for Silage in the Peruvian Amazon |
| title_sort | impact of the association of maize with native beans on the morphological growth yield and nutritional composition of forage intended for silage in the peruvian amazon |
| topic | Grasses and legumes Crop rotation Soil degradation Monoculture Livestock farming Gramíneas y leguminosas Rotación de cultivos Degradación del suelo Monocultivo Ganadería https://purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.01 Maíz; Maize; Fréjol; Common beans; Forraje; Forage; Ensilado; Silage; Cultivo asociado; Companion crops; Sistema de cultivo; Cropping systems; Rendimiento de cultivos; Crop yield. |
| url | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12955/2924 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112445 |
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