The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century
Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg N yr-1) within soils and vegetation wh...
| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Journal Article |
| Lenguaje: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Royal Society
2013
|
| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34481 |
| _version_ | 1855539094027763712 |
|---|---|
| author | Fowler, D. Coyle, M. Skiba, U. Sutton, M.A. Cape, J.N. Reis, S. Sheppard, L.J. Jenkins, A. Grizetti, B. Galloway, J.N. Vitousek, P. Leach, A. Bouwman, A.F. Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus Dentener, F. Stevenson, D. Amann, Markus Voss, M.l. |
| author_browse | Amann, Markus Bouwman, A.F. Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus Cape, J.N. Coyle, M. Dentener, F. Fowler, D. Galloway, J.N. Grizetti, B. Jenkins, A. Leach, A. Reis, S. Sheppard, L.J. Skiba, U. Stevenson, D. Sutton, M.A. Vitousek, P. Voss, M.l. |
| author_facet | Fowler, D. Coyle, M. Skiba, U. Sutton, M.A. Cape, J.N. Reis, S. Sheppard, L.J. Jenkins, A. Grizetti, B. Galloway, J.N. Vitousek, P. Leach, A. Bouwman, A.F. Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus Dentener, F. Stevenson, D. Amann, Markus Voss, M.l. |
| author_sort | Fowler, D. |
| collection | Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (CGSpace) |
| description | Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg N yr-1) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nr contributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nr contribute to nitrate (NO3-) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nr compounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg N yr-1 to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3 contribute 40–70 Tg N yr-1 to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 TgN yr-1) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nr is buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2 or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of Nr in the atmosphere, with the exception of N2O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 102–103 years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of Nr is less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N2O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of Nr from which it is produced. |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | CGSpace34481 |
| institution | CGIAR Consortium |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publishDateRange | 2013 |
| publishDateSort | 2013 |
| publisher | Royal Society |
| publisherStr | Royal Society |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | CGSpace344812023-12-08T19:36:04Z The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century Fowler, D. Coyle, M. Skiba, U. Sutton, M.A. Cape, J.N. Reis, S. Sheppard, L.J. Jenkins, A. Grizetti, B. Galloway, J.N. Vitousek, P. Leach, A. Bouwman, A.F. Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus Dentener, F. Stevenson, D. Amann, Markus Voss, M.l. agriculture climate change environment Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg N yr-1) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nr contributes most of the input through the use of fertilizer nitrogen in agriculture. Leakages from the use of fertilizer Nr contribute to nitrate (NO3-) in drainage waters from agricultural land and emissions of trace Nr compounds to the atmosphere. Emissions, mainly of ammonia (NH3) from land together with combustion related emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), contribute 100 Tg N yr-1 to the atmosphere, which are transported between countries and processed within the atmosphere, generating secondary pollutants, including ozone and other photochemical oxidants and aerosols, especially ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4. Leaching and riverine transport of NO3 contribute 40–70 Tg N yr-1 to coastal waters and the open ocean, which together with the 30 Tg input to oceans from atmospheric deposition combine with marine biological nitrogen fixation (140 TgN yr-1) to double the ocean processing of Nr. Some of the marine Nr is buried in sediments, the remainder being denitrified back to the atmosphere as N2 or N2O. The marine processing is of a similar magnitude to that in terrestrial soils and vegetation, but has a larger fraction of natural origin. The lifetime of Nr in the atmosphere, with the exception of N2O, is only a few weeks, while in terrestrial ecosystems, with the exception of peatlands (where it can be 102–103 years), the lifetime is a few decades. In the ocean, the lifetime of Nr is less well known but seems to be longer than in terrestrial ecosystems and may represent an important long-term source of N2O that will respond very slowly to control measures on the sources of Nr from which it is produced. 2013-07-05 2014-02-02T10:07:06Z 2014-02-02T10:07:06Z Journal Article https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34481 en Open Access Royal Society Fowler D., Coyle M., Skiba U., Sutton M.A., Cape J.N., Reis S., Sheppard L.J., Jenkins A., Grizetti B., Galloway J.N., Vitousek P., Leach A., Bouwman A.F., Butterbach-Bahl K., Dentener F., Stevenson D., Amann M., Voss M.l. 2013. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 368(1621): 1471-2970 |
| spellingShingle | agriculture climate change environment Fowler, D. Coyle, M. Skiba, U. Sutton, M.A. Cape, J.N. Reis, S. Sheppard, L.J. Jenkins, A. Grizetti, B. Galloway, J.N. Vitousek, P. Leach, A. Bouwman, A.F. Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus Dentener, F. Stevenson, D. Amann, Markus Voss, M.l. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century |
| title | The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century |
| title_full | The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century |
| title_fullStr | The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century |
| title_full_unstemmed | The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century |
| title_short | The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century |
| title_sort | global nitrogen cycle in the twenty first century |
| topic | agriculture climate change environment |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/34481 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fowlerd theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT coylem theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT skibau theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT suttonma theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT capejn theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT reiss theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT sheppardlj theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT jenkinsa theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT grizettib theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT gallowayjn theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT vitousekp theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT leacha theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT bouwmanaf theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT butterbachbahlklaus theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT dentenerf theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT stevensond theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT amannmarkus theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT vossml theglobalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT fowlerd globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT coylem globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT skibau globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT suttonma globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT capejn globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT reiss globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT sheppardlj globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT jenkinsa globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT grizettib globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT gallowayjn globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT vitousekp globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT leacha globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT bouwmanaf globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT butterbachbahlklaus globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT dentenerf globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT stevensond globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT amannmarkus globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury AT vossml globalnitrogencycleinthetwentyfirstcentury |