Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan
Being an agricultural country, Pakistan requires lots of water for irrigation. A major portion of its water resources is located in the upper Indus basin (UIB). The snowmelt runoff generated from high-altitude areas of the UIB provides inflow into the Indus river system that boosts the water supply....
| Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Journal Article |
| Lenguaje: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
MDPI
2025
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/174854 |
| _version_ | 1855515556114857984 |
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| author | Khan, Ihsan Ullah Iqbal, M. Ali, Zeshan Arshed, A. B. Wang, M. Adnan, R. M. |
| author_browse | Adnan, R. M. Ali, Zeshan Arshed, A. B. Iqbal, M. Khan, Ihsan Ullah Wang, M. |
| author_facet | Khan, Ihsan Ullah Iqbal, M. Ali, Zeshan Arshed, A. B. Wang, M. Adnan, R. M. |
| author_sort | Khan, Ihsan Ullah |
| collection | Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (CGSpace) |
| description | Being an agricultural country, Pakistan requires lots of water for irrigation. A major portion of its water resources is located in the upper Indus basin (UIB). The snowmelt runoff generated from high-altitude areas of the UIB provides inflow into the Indus river system that boosts the water supply. Snow accumulation during the winter period in the highlands in the watershed(s) becomes a source of water inflow during the snow-melting period, which is described according to characteristics like snow depth, snow density, and snow water equivalent. Snowmelt water release (SWE) and snowmelt water depth (SD) maps are generated by tracing snow occurrence from MODIS-based images of the snow-cover area, evaluating the heating degree days (HDDs) from MODIS-derived images of the land surface temperature, computing the solar radiation, and then assimilating all the previous data in the form of the snowmelt model and ground measurements of the snowmelt water release (SWE). The results show that the average snow-cover area in the Astore river basin, in the upper Indus basin, ranges from 94% in winter to 20% in summer. The maps reveal that the annual average values of the SWE range from 150 mm to 535 mm, and the SD values range from 600 mm to 2135 mm, for the snowmelt period (April–September) over the years 2010–2020. The areas linked with vegetation experience low SWE accumulation because of the low slopes in the elevated regions. The meteorological parameters and basin characteristics affect the SWE and can determine the SD values. |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | CGSpace174854 |
| institution | CGIAR Consortium |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publishDateRange | 2025 |
| publishDateSort | 2025 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| publisherStr | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | CGSpace1748542025-12-08T10:29:22Z Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan Khan, Ihsan Ullah Iqbal, M. Ali, Zeshan Arshed, A. B. Wang, M. Adnan, R. M. snow cover snowmelt remote sensing river basins moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer Being an agricultural country, Pakistan requires lots of water for irrigation. A major portion of its water resources is located in the upper Indus basin (UIB). The snowmelt runoff generated from high-altitude areas of the UIB provides inflow into the Indus river system that boosts the water supply. Snow accumulation during the winter period in the highlands in the watershed(s) becomes a source of water inflow during the snow-melting period, which is described according to characteristics like snow depth, snow density, and snow water equivalent. Snowmelt water release (SWE) and snowmelt water depth (SD) maps are generated by tracing snow occurrence from MODIS-based images of the snow-cover area, evaluating the heating degree days (HDDs) from MODIS-derived images of the land surface temperature, computing the solar radiation, and then assimilating all the previous data in the form of the snowmelt model and ground measurements of the snowmelt water release (SWE). The results show that the average snow-cover area in the Astore river basin, in the upper Indus basin, ranges from 94% in winter to 20% in summer. The maps reveal that the annual average values of the SWE range from 150 mm to 535 mm, and the SD values range from 600 mm to 2135 mm, for the snowmelt period (April–September) over the years 2010–2020. The areas linked with vegetation experience low SWE accumulation because of the low slopes in the elevated regions. The meteorological parameters and basin characteristics affect the SWE and can determine the SD values. 2025-05 2025-05-28T08:51:53Z 2025-05-28T08:51:53Z Journal Article https://hdl.handle.net/10568/174854 en Open Access MDPI Khan, Ihsan Ullah; Iqbal, M.; Ali, Zeshan; Arshed, A. B.; Wang, M.; Adnan, R. M. 2025. Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan. Atmosphere, 16(5), 550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050550 |
| spellingShingle | snow cover snowmelt remote sensing river basins moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer Khan, Ihsan Ullah Iqbal, M. Ali, Zeshan Arshed, A. B. Wang, M. Adnan, R. M. Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan |
| title | Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan |
| title_full | Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan |
| title_short | Evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in Astore River Basin, Pakistan |
| title_sort | evaluation and mapping of snow characteristics using remote sensing data in astore river basin pakistan |
| topic | snow cover snowmelt remote sensing river basins moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/174854 |
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