Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India:
Micronutrient deficiencies exact an enormous health burden on India. The release of the National Family Health Survey results—showing the relatively wealthy state of Gujarat having deficiency levels exceeding national averages—prompted Gujarat officials to introduce fortified wheat flour in their so...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | Inglés |
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SAGE Publications
2012
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| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/153109 |
| _version_ | 1855538637484064768 |
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| author | Fiedler, John L. Babu, Sunil Smitz, Marc-Francois Lividini, Keith Bermudez, Odilia I. |
| author_browse | Babu, Sunil Bermudez, Odilia I. Fiedler, John L. Lividini, Keith Smitz, Marc-Francois |
| author_facet | Fiedler, John L. Babu, Sunil Smitz, Marc-Francois Lividini, Keith Bermudez, Odilia I. |
| author_sort | Fiedler, John L. |
| collection | Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (CGSpace) |
| description | Micronutrient deficiencies exact an enormous health burden on India. The release of the National Family Health Survey results—showing the relatively wealthy state of Gujarat having deficiency levels exceeding national averages—prompted Gujarat officials to introduce fortified wheat flour in their social safety net programs (SSNPs).To provide a case study of the introduction of fortified wheat flour in Gujarat's Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), and Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Programme to assess the coverage, costs, impact, and cost-effectiveness of the initiative.India's 2004/05 National Sample Survey data were used to identify beneficiaries of each of Gujarat's three SSNPs and to estimate usual intake levels of vitamin A, iron, and zinc. Comparing age- and sex-specific usual intakes to Estimated Average Requirements, the proportion of the population with inadequate intakes was estimated. Postfortification intake levels and reductions in inadequate intake were estimated. The incremental cost of fortifying wheat flour and the cost-effectiveness of each program were estimated.When each program was assessed independently, the proportion of the population with inadequate vitamin A intakes was reduced by 34% and 74% among MDM and ICDS beneficiaries, respectively. Both programs effectively eliminated inadequate intakes of both iron and zinc. Among PDS beneficiaries, the proportion with inadequate iron intakes was reduced by 94%.Gujarat's substitution of fortified wheat flour for wheat grain is dramatically increasing the intake of micronutrients among its SSNP beneficiaries. The incremental cost of introducing fortification in each of the programs is low, and, according to World Health Organization criteria, each program is “highly cost-effective.” The introduction of similar reforms throughout India would largely eliminate the inadequate iron intake among persons participating in any of the three SSNPs and would have a significant impact on the global prevalence rate of inadequate iron intake. |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | CGSpace153109 |
| institution | CGIAR Consortium |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publishDateRange | 2012 |
| publishDateSort | 2012 |
| publisher | SAGE Publications |
| publisherStr | SAGE Publications |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | CGSpace1531092024-11-15T08:53:03Z Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: Fiedler, John L. Babu, Sunil Smitz, Marc-Francois Lividini, Keith Bermudez, Odilia I. cost analysis food policies fortified foods household consumption expenditure micronutrient deficiencies nutrition Micronutrient deficiencies exact an enormous health burden on India. The release of the National Family Health Survey results—showing the relatively wealthy state of Gujarat having deficiency levels exceeding national averages—prompted Gujarat officials to introduce fortified wheat flour in their social safety net programs (SSNPs).To provide a case study of the introduction of fortified wheat flour in Gujarat's Public Distribution System (PDS), Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), and Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Programme to assess the coverage, costs, impact, and cost-effectiveness of the initiative.India's 2004/05 National Sample Survey data were used to identify beneficiaries of each of Gujarat's three SSNPs and to estimate usual intake levels of vitamin A, iron, and zinc. Comparing age- and sex-specific usual intakes to Estimated Average Requirements, the proportion of the population with inadequate intakes was estimated. Postfortification intake levels and reductions in inadequate intake were estimated. The incremental cost of fortifying wheat flour and the cost-effectiveness of each program were estimated.When each program was assessed independently, the proportion of the population with inadequate vitamin A intakes was reduced by 34% and 74% among MDM and ICDS beneficiaries, respectively. Both programs effectively eliminated inadequate intakes of both iron and zinc. Among PDS beneficiaries, the proportion with inadequate iron intakes was reduced by 94%.Gujarat's substitution of fortified wheat flour for wheat grain is dramatically increasing the intake of micronutrients among its SSNP beneficiaries. The incremental cost of introducing fortification in each of the programs is low, and, according to World Health Organization criteria, each program is “highly cost-effective.” The introduction of similar reforms throughout India would largely eliminate the inadequate iron intake among persons participating in any of the three SSNPs and would have a significant impact on the global prevalence rate of inadequate iron intake. 2012-03 2024-10-01T13:55:38Z 2024-10-01T13:55:38Z Journal Article https://hdl.handle.net/10568/153109 en Limited Access SAGE Publications Fiedler, John L.; Babu, Sunil; Smitz, Marc-Francois; Lividini, Keith; Bermudez, Odilia I. 2012. Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India. Food & Nutrition Bulletin 33(1): 11-30 https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651203300102 |
| spellingShingle | cost analysis food policies fortified foods household consumption expenditure micronutrient deficiencies nutrition Fiedler, John L. Babu, Sunil Smitz, Marc-Francois Lividini, Keith Bermudez, Odilia I. Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: |
| title | Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: |
| title_full | Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: |
| title_fullStr | Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: |
| title_short | Indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification: A case study of Gujarat, India: |
| title_sort | indian social safety net programs as platforms for introducing wheat flour fortification a case study of gujarat india |
| topic | cost analysis food policies fortified foods household consumption expenditure micronutrient deficiencies nutrition |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/153109 |
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