Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands
Understanding antibiotic use in dairy systems is critical to guide antimicrobial stewardship programs. We investigated antibiotic use practices in small-holder dairy farms, antibiotic quality, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness among veterinary drug retailers in a mixed farming community i...
| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Journal Article |
| Lenguaje: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Springer
2023
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| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/135994 |
| _version_ | 1855531861615312896 |
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| author | Muloi, Dishon Kurui, P. Sharma, Garima Ochieng, Linnet Ng'ang'a, Fredrick M. Gudda, Fredrick Muthini, J.M. Grace, Delia Dione, Michel M. Moodley, Arshnee Muneri, C. |
| author_browse | Dione, Michel M. Grace, Delia Gudda, Fredrick Kurui, P. Moodley, Arshnee Muloi, Dishon Muneri, C. Muthini, J.M. Ng'ang'a, Fredrick M. Ochieng, Linnet Sharma, Garima |
| author_facet | Muloi, Dishon Kurui, P. Sharma, Garima Ochieng, Linnet Ng'ang'a, Fredrick M. Gudda, Fredrick Muthini, J.M. Grace, Delia Dione, Michel M. Moodley, Arshnee Muneri, C. |
| author_sort | Muloi, Dishon |
| collection | Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (CGSpace) |
| description | Understanding antibiotic use in dairy systems is critical to guide antimicrobial stewardship programs. We investigated antibiotic use practices in small-holder dairy farms, antibiotic quality, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness among veterinary drug retailers in a mixed farming community in the central Kenyan highlands. Data were collected from 248 dairy farms and 72 veterinary drug stores between February 2020 and October 2021. A scale was developed to measure knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use using item response theory, and regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with antibiotic use and AMR knowledge. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content of 27 antibiotic samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence and levels of 11 antibiotic residues in 108 milk samples collected from the study farms were also investigated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Almost all farms (98.8%, n = 244) reported using antibiotics at least once in the last year, mostly for therapeutic reasons (35.5%). The most used antibiotics were tetracycline (30.6%), penicillin (16.7%), and sulfonamide (9.4%), either individually or in combination, and predominantly in the injectable form. Larger farm size (OR = 1.02, p < 0.001) and history of vaccination use (OR = 1.17, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher frequency of antibiotic use. Drug retailers who advised on animal treatments had a significantly higher mean knowledge scores than those who only sold drugs. We found that 44.4% (12/27) of the tested antibiotics did not meet the United States Pharmacopeial test specifications (percentage of label claim). We detected nine antibiotics in milk, including oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. However, only three samples exceeded the maximum residue limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Our findings indicate that antibiotics of poor quality are accessible and used in small-holder dairy systems, which can be found in milk. These results will aid future investigations on how to promote sustainable antibiotic use practices in dairy systems. |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | CGSpace135994 |
| institution | CGIAR Consortium |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateRange | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Springer |
| publisherStr | Springer |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | CGSpace1359942025-11-12T04:28:56Z Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands Muloi, Dishon Kurui, P. Sharma, Garima Ochieng, Linnet Ng'ang'a, Fredrick M. Gudda, Fredrick Muthini, J.M. Grace, Delia Dione, Michel M. Moodley, Arshnee Muneri, C. antimicrobial resistance dairying animal production animal health health Understanding antibiotic use in dairy systems is critical to guide antimicrobial stewardship programs. We investigated antibiotic use practices in small-holder dairy farms, antibiotic quality, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness among veterinary drug retailers in a mixed farming community in the central Kenyan highlands. Data were collected from 248 dairy farms and 72 veterinary drug stores between February 2020 and October 2021. A scale was developed to measure knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use using item response theory, and regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with antibiotic use and AMR knowledge. The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content of 27 antibiotic samples was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence and levels of 11 antibiotic residues in 108 milk samples collected from the study farms were also investigated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Almost all farms (98.8%, n = 244) reported using antibiotics at least once in the last year, mostly for therapeutic reasons (35.5%). The most used antibiotics were tetracycline (30.6%), penicillin (16.7%), and sulfonamide (9.4%), either individually or in combination, and predominantly in the injectable form. Larger farm size (OR = 1.02, p < 0.001) and history of vaccination use (OR = 1.17, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher frequency of antibiotic use. Drug retailers who advised on animal treatments had a significantly higher mean knowledge scores than those who only sold drugs. We found that 44.4% (12/27) of the tested antibiotics did not meet the United States Pharmacopeial test specifications (percentage of label claim). We detected nine antibiotics in milk, including oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. However, only three samples exceeded the maximum residue limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Our findings indicate that antibiotics of poor quality are accessible and used in small-holder dairy systems, which can be found in milk. These results will aid future investigations on how to promote sustainable antibiotic use practices in dairy systems. 2023-12-28 2023-12-29T08:32:38Z 2023-12-29T08:32:38Z Journal Article https://hdl.handle.net/10568/135994 en Open Access application/pdf Springer Muloi, D.M., Kurui, P., Sharma, G., Ochieng, L., Nganga, F., Gudda, F., Muthini, J.M., Grace, D., Dione, M., Moodley, A. and Muneri, C. 2023. Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands. Scientific Reports 13: 23101. |
| spellingShingle | antimicrobial resistance dairying animal production animal health health Muloi, Dishon Kurui, P. Sharma, Garima Ochieng, Linnet Ng'ang'a, Fredrick M. Gudda, Fredrick Muthini, J.M. Grace, Delia Dione, Michel M. Moodley, Arshnee Muneri, C. Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands |
| title | Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands |
| title_full | Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands |
| title_fullStr | Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands |
| title_short | Antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central Kenyan highlands |
| title_sort | antibiotic quality and use practices amongst dairy farmers and drug retailers in central kenyan highlands |
| topic | antimicrobial resistance dairying animal production animal health health |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/135994 |
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