Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers

Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the...

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Autores principales: Wilkinson, J. L., Boxall, A. B. A., Kolpin, D. W., Leung, K. M. Y., Lai, R. W. S., Galban-Malagon, C., Adell, A. D., Mondon, J., Metian, M., Marchant, R. A., Bouzas-Monroy, A., Cuní-Sanchez, A., Coors, A., Carriquiriborde, P., Rojo, M., Gordon, C., Cara, M., Moermond, M., Luarte, T., Petrosyan, V., Perikhanyan, Y., Mahon, C. S., McGurk, C. J., Hofmann, T., Kormoker, T., Iniguez, V., Guzmán Otazo, J., Tavares, J. L., Figueiredo, F.G. de, Razzolini, M. T. P., Dougnon, V., Gbaguidi, G., Traoré, O., Blais, J. M., Kimpe, L. E., Wong, M., Wong, D., Ntchantcho, R., Pizarro, J., Ying, G.-G., Chen, C.-E., Paez, M., Martínez Lara, J., Otamonga, J.-P., Pote, J., Ifo, S.A., Wilson, P., Echeverria-Saenz, S., Udikovic-Kolic, N., Milakovic, M., Fatta-Kassinos, D., Ioannou-Ttofa, L., Belusova, V., Vymazal, J., Cardenas-Bustamante, M., Kassa, B. A., Garric, J., Chaumot, A., Gibba, P., Kunchulia, I., Seidensticker, S., Lyberatos, G., Halldorsson, H. P., Melling, M., Shashidhar, T., Lamba, M., Nastiti, A., Supriatin, A., Pourang, N., Abedini, A., Abdullah, O., Gharbia, S. S., Pilla, F., Chefetz, B., Topaz, T., Yao, K. M., Aubakirova, B., Beisenova, R., Olaka, L., Mulu, J. K., Chatanga, P., Ntuli, V., Blama, N. T., Sherif, S., Aris, A. Z., Looi, L. J., Niang, M., Traoré, S.T., Oldenkamp, R., Ogunbanwo, O., Ashfaq, M., Iqbal, M., Abdeen, Z., O’Dea, A., Morales Saldana, J. M., Custodio, M., Cruz, H. de la, Navarrete, I., Carvalho, F., Gogra, A. B., Koroma, B. M., Cerkvenik-Flajs, V., Gombac, M., Thwala, M., Choi, K., Kang, H., Ladu, J. L. C., Rico, A., Amerasinghe, Priyanie, Sobek, A., Horlitz, G., Zenker, A. K., King, A.C., Jiang, J.-J., Kariuki, R., Tumbo, M., Tezel, U., Onay, T. T., Lejju, J. B., Vystavna, Y., Vergeles, Y., Heinzen, H., Perez-Parada, A., Sims, D. B., Figy, M., Good, D., Teta, C.
Formato: Journal Article
Lenguaje:Inglés
Publicado: National Academy of Sciences 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/10568/118261
_version_ 1855517407642124288
author Wilkinson, J. L.
Boxall, A. B. A.
Kolpin, D. W.
Leung, K. M. Y.
Lai, R. W. S.
Galban-Malagon, C.
Adell, A. D.
Mondon, J.
Metian, M.
Marchant, R. A.
Bouzas-Monroy, A.
Cuní-Sanchez, A.
Coors, A.
Carriquiriborde, P.
Rojo, M.
Gordon, C.
Cara, M.
Moermond, M.
Luarte, T.
Petrosyan, V.
Perikhanyan, Y.
Mahon, C. S.
McGurk, C. J.
Hofmann, T.
Kormoker, T.
Iniguez, V.
Guzmán Otazo, J.
Tavares, J. L.
Figueiredo, F.G. de
Razzolini, M. T. P.
Dougnon, V.
Gbaguidi, G.
Traoré, O.
Blais, J. M.
Kimpe, L. E.
Wong, M.
Wong, D.
Ntchantcho, R.
Pizarro, J.
Ying, G.-G.
Chen, C.-E.
Paez, M.
Martínez Lara, J.
Otamonga, J.-P.
Pote, J.
Ifo, S.A.
Wilson, P.
Echeverria-Saenz, S.
Udikovic-Kolic, N.
Milakovic, M.
Fatta-Kassinos, D.
Ioannou-Ttofa, L.
Belusova, V.
Vymazal, J.
Cardenas-Bustamante, M.
Kassa, B. A.
Garric, J.
Chaumot, A.
Gibba, P.
Kunchulia, I.
Seidensticker, S.
Lyberatos, G.
Halldorsson, H. P.
Melling, M.
Shashidhar, T.
Lamba, M.
Nastiti, A.
Supriatin, A.
Pourang, N.
Abedini, A.
Abdullah, O.
Gharbia, S. S.
Pilla, F.
Chefetz, B.
Topaz, T.
Yao, K. M.
Aubakirova, B.
Beisenova, R.
Olaka, L.
Mulu, J. K.
Chatanga, P.
Ntuli, V.
Blama, N. T.
Sherif, S.
Aris, A. Z.
Looi, L. J.
Niang, M.
Traoré, S.T.
Oldenkamp, R.
Ogunbanwo, O.
Ashfaq, M.
Iqbal, M.
Abdeen, Z.
O’Dea, A.
Morales Saldana, J. M.
Custodio, M.
Cruz, H. de la
Navarrete, I.
Carvalho, F.
Gogra, A. B.
Koroma, B. M.
Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.
Gombac, M.
Thwala, M.
Choi, K.
Kang, H.
Ladu, J. L. C.
Rico, A.
Amerasinghe, Priyanie
Sobek, A.
Horlitz, G.
Zenker, A. K.
King, A.C.
Jiang, J.-J.
Kariuki, R.
Tumbo, M.
Tezel, U.
Onay, T. T.
Lejju, J. B.
Vystavna, Y.
Vergeles, Y.
Heinzen, H.
Perez-Parada, A.
Sims, D. B.
Figy, M.
Good, D.
Teta, C.
author_browse Abdeen, Z.
Abdullah, O.
Abedini, A.
Adell, A. D.
Amerasinghe, Priyanie
Aris, A. Z.
Ashfaq, M.
Aubakirova, B.
Beisenova, R.
Belusova, V.
Blais, J. M.
Blama, N. T.
Bouzas-Monroy, A.
Boxall, A. B. A.
Cara, M.
Cardenas-Bustamante, M.
Carriquiriborde, P.
Carvalho, F.
Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.
Chatanga, P.
Chaumot, A.
Chefetz, B.
Chen, C.-E.
Choi, K.
Coors, A.
Cruz, H. de la
Cuní-Sanchez, A.
Custodio, M.
Dougnon, V.
Echeverria-Saenz, S.
Fatta-Kassinos, D.
Figueiredo, F.G. de
Figy, M.
Galban-Malagon, C.
Garric, J.
Gbaguidi, G.
Gharbia, S. S.
Gibba, P.
Gogra, A. B.
Gombac, M.
Good, D.
Gordon, C.
Guzmán Otazo, J.
Halldorsson, H. P.
Heinzen, H.
Hofmann, T.
Horlitz, G.
Ifo, S.A.
Iniguez, V.
Ioannou-Ttofa, L.
Iqbal, M.
Jiang, J.-J.
Kang, H.
Kariuki, R.
Kassa, B. A.
Kimpe, L. E.
King, A.C.
Kolpin, D. W.
Kormoker, T.
Koroma, B. M.
Kunchulia, I.
Ladu, J. L. C.
Lai, R. W. S.
Lamba, M.
Lejju, J. B.
Leung, K. M. Y.
Looi, L. J.
Luarte, T.
Lyberatos, G.
Mahon, C. S.
Marchant, R. A.
Martínez Lara, J.
McGurk, C. J.
Melling, M.
Metian, M.
Milakovic, M.
Moermond, M.
Mondon, J.
Morales Saldana, J. M.
Mulu, J. K.
Nastiti, A.
Navarrete, I.
Niang, M.
Ntchantcho, R.
Ntuli, V.
Ogunbanwo, O.
Olaka, L.
Oldenkamp, R.
Onay, T. T.
Otamonga, J.-P.
O’Dea, A.
Paez, M.
Perez-Parada, A.
Perikhanyan, Y.
Petrosyan, V.
Pilla, F.
Pizarro, J.
Pote, J.
Pourang, N.
Razzolini, M. T. P.
Rico, A.
Rojo, M.
Seidensticker, S.
Shashidhar, T.
Sherif, S.
Sims, D. B.
Sobek, A.
Supriatin, A.
Tavares, J. L.
Teta, C.
Tezel, U.
Thwala, M.
Topaz, T.
Traoré, O.
Traoré, S.T.
Tumbo, M.
Udikovic-Kolic, N.
Vergeles, Y.
Vymazal, J.
Vystavna, Y.
Wilkinson, J. L.
Wilson, P.
Wong, D.
Wong, M.
Yao, K. M.
Ying, G.-G.
Zenker, A. K.
author_facet Wilkinson, J. L.
Boxall, A. B. A.
Kolpin, D. W.
Leung, K. M. Y.
Lai, R. W. S.
Galban-Malagon, C.
Adell, A. D.
Mondon, J.
Metian, M.
Marchant, R. A.
Bouzas-Monroy, A.
Cuní-Sanchez, A.
Coors, A.
Carriquiriborde, P.
Rojo, M.
Gordon, C.
Cara, M.
Moermond, M.
Luarte, T.
Petrosyan, V.
Perikhanyan, Y.
Mahon, C. S.
McGurk, C. J.
Hofmann, T.
Kormoker, T.
Iniguez, V.
Guzmán Otazo, J.
Tavares, J. L.
Figueiredo, F.G. de
Razzolini, M. T. P.
Dougnon, V.
Gbaguidi, G.
Traoré, O.
Blais, J. M.
Kimpe, L. E.
Wong, M.
Wong, D.
Ntchantcho, R.
Pizarro, J.
Ying, G.-G.
Chen, C.-E.
Paez, M.
Martínez Lara, J.
Otamonga, J.-P.
Pote, J.
Ifo, S.A.
Wilson, P.
Echeverria-Saenz, S.
Udikovic-Kolic, N.
Milakovic, M.
Fatta-Kassinos, D.
Ioannou-Ttofa, L.
Belusova, V.
Vymazal, J.
Cardenas-Bustamante, M.
Kassa, B. A.
Garric, J.
Chaumot, A.
Gibba, P.
Kunchulia, I.
Seidensticker, S.
Lyberatos, G.
Halldorsson, H. P.
Melling, M.
Shashidhar, T.
Lamba, M.
Nastiti, A.
Supriatin, A.
Pourang, N.
Abedini, A.
Abdullah, O.
Gharbia, S. S.
Pilla, F.
Chefetz, B.
Topaz, T.
Yao, K. M.
Aubakirova, B.
Beisenova, R.
Olaka, L.
Mulu, J. K.
Chatanga, P.
Ntuli, V.
Blama, N. T.
Sherif, S.
Aris, A. Z.
Looi, L. J.
Niang, M.
Traoré, S.T.
Oldenkamp, R.
Ogunbanwo, O.
Ashfaq, M.
Iqbal, M.
Abdeen, Z.
O’Dea, A.
Morales Saldana, J. M.
Custodio, M.
Cruz, H. de la
Navarrete, I.
Carvalho, F.
Gogra, A. B.
Koroma, B. M.
Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.
Gombac, M.
Thwala, M.
Choi, K.
Kang, H.
Ladu, J. L. C.
Rico, A.
Amerasinghe, Priyanie
Sobek, A.
Horlitz, G.
Zenker, A. K.
King, A.C.
Jiang, J.-J.
Kariuki, R.
Tumbo, M.
Tezel, U.
Onay, T. T.
Lejju, J. B.
Vystavna, Y.
Vergeles, Y.
Heinzen, H.
Perez-Parada, A.
Sims, D. B.
Figy, M.
Good, D.
Teta, C.
author_sort Wilkinson, J. L.
collection Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (CGSpace)
description Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world’s rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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institution CGIAR Consortium
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publishDate 2022
publishDateRange 2022
publishDateSort 2022
publisher National Academy of Sciences
publisherStr National Academy of Sciences
record_format dspace
spelling CGSpace1182612025-10-26T12:53:20Z Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers Wilkinson, J. L. Boxall, A. B. A. Kolpin, D. W. Leung, K. M. Y. Lai, R. W. S. Galban-Malagon, C. Adell, A. D. Mondon, J. Metian, M. Marchant, R. A. Bouzas-Monroy, A. Cuní-Sanchez, A. Coors, A. Carriquiriborde, P. Rojo, M. Gordon, C. Cara, M. Moermond, M. Luarte, T. Petrosyan, V. Perikhanyan, Y. Mahon, C. S. McGurk, C. J. Hofmann, T. Kormoker, T. Iniguez, V. Guzmán Otazo, J. Tavares, J. L. Figueiredo, F.G. de Razzolini, M. T. P. Dougnon, V. Gbaguidi, G. Traoré, O. Blais, J. M. Kimpe, L. E. Wong, M. Wong, D. Ntchantcho, R. Pizarro, J. Ying, G.-G. Chen, C.-E. Paez, M. Martínez Lara, J. Otamonga, J.-P. Pote, J. Ifo, S.A. Wilson, P. Echeverria-Saenz, S. Udikovic-Kolic, N. Milakovic, M. Fatta-Kassinos, D. Ioannou-Ttofa, L. Belusova, V. Vymazal, J. Cardenas-Bustamante, M. Kassa, B. A. Garric, J. Chaumot, A. Gibba, P. Kunchulia, I. Seidensticker, S. Lyberatos, G. Halldorsson, H. P. Melling, M. Shashidhar, T. Lamba, M. Nastiti, A. Supriatin, A. Pourang, N. Abedini, A. Abdullah, O. Gharbia, S. S. Pilla, F. Chefetz, B. Topaz, T. Yao, K. M. Aubakirova, B. Beisenova, R. Olaka, L. Mulu, J. K. Chatanga, P. Ntuli, V. Blama, N. T. Sherif, S. Aris, A. Z. Looi, L. J. Niang, M. Traoré, S.T. Oldenkamp, R. Ogunbanwo, O. Ashfaq, M. Iqbal, M. Abdeen, Z. O’Dea, A. Morales Saldana, J. M. Custodio, M. Cruz, H. de la Navarrete, I. Carvalho, F. Gogra, A. B. Koroma, B. M. Cerkvenik-Flajs, V. Gombac, M. Thwala, M. Choi, K. Kang, H. Ladu, J. L. C. Rico, A. Amerasinghe, Priyanie Sobek, A. Horlitz, G. Zenker, A. K. King, A.C. Jiang, J.-J. Kariuki, R. Tumbo, M. Tezel, U. Onay, T. T. Lejju, J. B. Vystavna, Y. Vergeles, Y. Heinzen, H. Perez-Parada, A. Sims, D. B. Figy, M. Good, D. Teta, C. pharmaceutical pollution rivers water pollution contamination aquatic environment antimicrobials environmental health human health environmental monitoring wastewater socioeconomic aspects national income datasets Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world’s rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater than concentrations considered safe for aquatic organisms, or which are of concern in terms of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, pharmaceutical pollution poses a global threat to environmental and human health, as well as to delivery of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. 2022-02-22 2022-02-28T13:10:23Z 2022-02-28T13:10:23Z Journal Article https://hdl.handle.net/10568/118261 en Open Access National Academy of Sciences Wilkinson, J. L.; Boxall, A. B. A.; Kolpin, D. W.; Leung, K. M. Y.; Lai, R. W. S.; Galban-Malagon, C.; Adell, A. D.; Mondon, J.; Metian, M.; Marchant, R. A.; Bouzas-Monroy, A.; Cuni-Sanchez, A.; Coors, A.; Carriquiriborde, P.; Rojo, M.; Gordon, C.; Cara, M.; Moermond, M.; Luarte, T.; Petrosyan, V.; Perikhanyan, Y.; Mahon, C. S.; McGurk, C. J.; Hofmann, T.; Kormoker, T.; Iniguez, V.; Guzman-Otazo, J.; Tavares, J. L.; De Figueiredo, F. G.; Razzolini, M. T. P.; Dougnon, V.; Gbaguidi, G.; Traore, O.; Blais, J. M.; Kimpe, L. E.; Wong, M.; Wong, D.; Ntchantcho, R.; Pizarro, J.; Ying, G.-G.; Chen, C.-E.; Paez, M.; Martinez-Lara, J.; Otamonga, J.-P.; Pote, J.; Ifo, S. A.; Wilson, P.; Echeverria-Saenz, S.; Udikovic-Kolic, N.; Milakovic, M.; Fatta-Kassinos, D.; Ioannou-Ttofa, L.; Belusova, V.; Vymazal, J.; Cardenas-Bustamante, M.; Kassa, B. A.; Garric, J.; Chaumot, A.; Gibba, P.; Kunchulia, I.; Seidensticker, S.; Lyberatos, G.; Halldorsson, H. P.; Melling, M.; Shashidhar, T.; Lamba, M.; Nastiti, A.; Supriatin, A.; Pourang, N.; Abedini, A.; Abdullah, O.; Gharbia, S. S.; Pilla, F.; Chefetz, B.; Topaz, T.; Yao, K. M.; Aubakirova, B.; Beisenova, R.; Olaka, L.; Mulu, J. K.; Chatanga, P.; Ntuli, V.; Blama, N. T.; Sherif, S.; Aris, A. Z.; Looi, L. J.; Niang, M.; Traore, S. T.; Oldenkamp, R.; Ogunbanwo, O.; Ashfaq, M.; Iqbal, M.; Abdeen, Z.; O’Dea, A.; Morales-Saldana, J. M.; Custodio, M.; de la Cruz, H.; Navarrete, I.; Carvalho, F.; Gogra, A. B.; Koroma, B. M.; Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.; Gombac, M.; Thwala, M.; Choi, K.; Kang, H.; Ladu, J. L. C.; Rico, A.; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; Sobek, A.; Horlitz, G.; Zenker, A. K.; King, A. C.; Jiang, J.-J.; Kariuki, R.; Tumbo, M.; Tezel, U.; Onay, T. T.; Lejju, J. B.; Vystavna, Y.; Vergeles, Y.; Heinzen, H.; Perez-Parada, A.; Sims, D. B.; Figy, M.; Good, D.; Teta, C. 2022. Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(8):e2113947119. [doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113947119]
spellingShingle pharmaceutical pollution
rivers
water pollution
contamination
aquatic environment
antimicrobials
environmental health
human health
environmental monitoring
wastewater
socioeconomic aspects
national income
datasets
Wilkinson, J. L.
Boxall, A. B. A.
Kolpin, D. W.
Leung, K. M. Y.
Lai, R. W. S.
Galban-Malagon, C.
Adell, A. D.
Mondon, J.
Metian, M.
Marchant, R. A.
Bouzas-Monroy, A.
Cuní-Sanchez, A.
Coors, A.
Carriquiriborde, P.
Rojo, M.
Gordon, C.
Cara, M.
Moermond, M.
Luarte, T.
Petrosyan, V.
Perikhanyan, Y.
Mahon, C. S.
McGurk, C. J.
Hofmann, T.
Kormoker, T.
Iniguez, V.
Guzmán Otazo, J.
Tavares, J. L.
Figueiredo, F.G. de
Razzolini, M. T. P.
Dougnon, V.
Gbaguidi, G.
Traoré, O.
Blais, J. M.
Kimpe, L. E.
Wong, M.
Wong, D.
Ntchantcho, R.
Pizarro, J.
Ying, G.-G.
Chen, C.-E.
Paez, M.
Martínez Lara, J.
Otamonga, J.-P.
Pote, J.
Ifo, S.A.
Wilson, P.
Echeverria-Saenz, S.
Udikovic-Kolic, N.
Milakovic, M.
Fatta-Kassinos, D.
Ioannou-Ttofa, L.
Belusova, V.
Vymazal, J.
Cardenas-Bustamante, M.
Kassa, B. A.
Garric, J.
Chaumot, A.
Gibba, P.
Kunchulia, I.
Seidensticker, S.
Lyberatos, G.
Halldorsson, H. P.
Melling, M.
Shashidhar, T.
Lamba, M.
Nastiti, A.
Supriatin, A.
Pourang, N.
Abedini, A.
Abdullah, O.
Gharbia, S. S.
Pilla, F.
Chefetz, B.
Topaz, T.
Yao, K. M.
Aubakirova, B.
Beisenova, R.
Olaka, L.
Mulu, J. K.
Chatanga, P.
Ntuli, V.
Blama, N. T.
Sherif, S.
Aris, A. Z.
Looi, L. J.
Niang, M.
Traoré, S.T.
Oldenkamp, R.
Ogunbanwo, O.
Ashfaq, M.
Iqbal, M.
Abdeen, Z.
O’Dea, A.
Morales Saldana, J. M.
Custodio, M.
Cruz, H. de la
Navarrete, I.
Carvalho, F.
Gogra, A. B.
Koroma, B. M.
Cerkvenik-Flajs, V.
Gombac, M.
Thwala, M.
Choi, K.
Kang, H.
Ladu, J. L. C.
Rico, A.
Amerasinghe, Priyanie
Sobek, A.
Horlitz, G.
Zenker, A. K.
King, A.C.
Jiang, J.-J.
Kariuki, R.
Tumbo, M.
Tezel, U.
Onay, T. T.
Lejju, J. B.
Vystavna, Y.
Vergeles, Y.
Heinzen, H.
Perez-Parada, A.
Sims, D. B.
Figy, M.
Good, D.
Teta, C.
Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
title Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
title_full Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
title_fullStr Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
title_full_unstemmed Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
title_short Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers
title_sort pharmaceutical pollution of the world s rivers
topic pharmaceutical pollution
rivers
water pollution
contamination
aquatic environment
antimicrobials
environmental health
human health
environmental monitoring
wastewater
socioeconomic aspects
national income
datasets
url https://hdl.handle.net/10568/118261
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