Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study
Sanitary risk inspection protocols are often used to identify contamination hazards at water sources; however, different observers sometimes struggle to record hazards consistently. This study aimed to assess the effect of inter-observer variation in hazard observations on the strength of relationsh...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | Inglés |
| Published: |
MDPI
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/110538 |
| _version_ | 1855516156819931136 |
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| author | Okotto-Okotto, J. Silva, D.T.G. da Kwoba, Emmah Thumbi, Samuel M. Wanza, P. Yu, W. Wright, J.A. |
| author_browse | Kwoba, Emmah Okotto-Okotto, J. Silva, D.T.G. da Thumbi, Samuel M. Wanza, P. Wright, J.A. Yu, W. |
| author_facet | Okotto-Okotto, J. Silva, D.T.G. da Kwoba, Emmah Thumbi, Samuel M. Wanza, P. Yu, W. Wright, J.A. |
| author_sort | Okotto-Okotto, J. |
| collection | Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (CGSpace) |
| description | Sanitary risk inspection protocols are often used to identify contamination hazards at water sources; however, different observers sometimes struggle to record hazards consistently. This study aimed to assess the effect of inter-observer variation in hazard observations on the strength of relationships between observed hazards and the bacterial contamination of water sources, particularly relationships with animal-related hazards. In a longitudinal study, five surveyors independently recorded hazards at 93 water sources used by 234 households in Siaya County, Kenya, in both wet and dry seasons. One surveyor collected samples from sources for subsequent Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci testing. The relationship between each surveyor's hazard observations and high bacterial contamination was examined using logistic regression. After controlling for water source type and preceding rainfall; percentage scores for animal-related hazards were significantly related to high contamination with enterococci and E. coli for one surveyor (odds ratio 1.02; 95% confidence intervals 1.00-1.03 for both parameters), but not for the remaining four surveyors. The relationship between observed contamination hazards and the microbiological contamination of water sources is sensitive to variation in hazard recording between surveyors. Sanitary risk protocols should be designed to enable robust and consistent observation of hazards. |
| format | Journal Article |
| id | CGSpace110538 |
| institution | CGIAR Consortium |
| language | Inglés |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| publishDateRange | 2020 |
| publishDateSort | 2020 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| publisherStr | MDPI |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | CGSpace1105382025-03-06T06:29:45Z Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study Okotto-Okotto, J. Silva, D.T.G. da Kwoba, Emmah Thumbi, Samuel M. Wanza, P. Yu, W. Wright, J.A. water pollution water supply cattle escherichia coli enterococcus water Sanitary risk inspection protocols are often used to identify contamination hazards at water sources; however, different observers sometimes struggle to record hazards consistently. This study aimed to assess the effect of inter-observer variation in hazard observations on the strength of relationships between observed hazards and the bacterial contamination of water sources, particularly relationships with animal-related hazards. In a longitudinal study, five surveyors independently recorded hazards at 93 water sources used by 234 households in Siaya County, Kenya, in both wet and dry seasons. One surveyor collected samples from sources for subsequent Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci testing. The relationship between each surveyor's hazard observations and high bacterial contamination was examined using logistic regression. After controlling for water source type and preceding rainfall; percentage scores for animal-related hazards were significantly related to high contamination with enterococci and E. coli for one surveyor (odds ratio 1.02; 95% confidence intervals 1.00-1.03 for both parameters), but not for the remaining four surveyors. The relationship between observed contamination hazards and the microbiological contamination of water sources is sensitive to variation in hazard recording between surveyors. Sanitary risk protocols should be designed to enable robust and consistent observation of hazards. 2020-12-09 2020-12-16T11:24:43Z 2020-12-16T11:24:43Z Journal Article https://hdl.handle.net/10568/110538 en Open Access MDPI Okotto-Okotto, J., Silva, D.T.G. da, Kwoba, E., Thumbi, S.M., Wanza, P., Yu, W. and Wright, J.A. 2020. Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(24): 9192. |
| spellingShingle | water pollution water supply cattle escherichia coli enterococcus water Okotto-Okotto, J. Silva, D.T.G. da Kwoba, Emmah Thumbi, Samuel M. Wanza, P. Yu, W. Wright, J.A. Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study |
| title | Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study |
| title_full | Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study |
| title_fullStr | Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study |
| title_short | Effect of inter-observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources: A longitudinal study |
| title_sort | effect of inter observer variation on the association between contamination hazards and the microbiological quality of water sources a longitudinal study |
| topic | water pollution water supply cattle escherichia coli enterococcus water |
| url | https://hdl.handle.net/10568/110538 |
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